Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)

The Journal of Pathology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 251(3), P. 228 - 248

Published: May 17, 2020

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been established as the functional host receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), virus responsible current devastating worldwide pandemic of disease 2019 (COVID-19). ACE2 is abundantly expressed in a variety cells residing many different human organs. In physiology, pivotal counter-regulatory to ACE by breakdown angiotensin II, central player renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and main substrate ACE2. Many factors have associated with both altered expression COVID-19 severity progression, including age, sex, ethnicity, medication, several co-morbidities, such cardiovascular metabolic syndrome. Although widely distributed various tissues its determinants well recognised, ACE2-expressing organs do not equally participate pathophysiology, implying that other mechanisms are involved orchestrating cellular infection resulting tissue damage. Reports pathologic findings specimens patients rapidly emerging confirm role activity pathogenesis. Identifying changes caused SARS-CoV-2 crucially important it major implications understanding pathophysiology development evidence-based treatment strategies. Currently, interventional strategies being explored ongoing clinical trials, encompassing drug classes strategies, antiviral drugs, biological response modifiers, RAAS inhibitors. Ultimately, prevention key combat appropriate measures taken accordingly, effective vaccines. this review, we describe influencing relation severity. addition, discuss relevant pathological from infection. Finally, highlight selection potential modalities COVID-19. © 2020 The Authors. Journal Pathology published John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf Pathological Society Great Britain Ireland.

Language: Английский

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Obesity and diabetes as comorbidities for COVID-19: Underlying mechanisms and the role of viral–bacterial interactions

eLife, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Sept. 15, 2020

Obesity and diabetes are established comorbidities for COVID-19. Adipose tissue demonstrates high expression of ACE2 which SARS- CoV-2 exploits to enter host cells. This makes adipose a reservoir SARS-CoV-2 viruses thus increases the integral viral load. Acute infection results in downregulation. relative deficiency can lead disturbances other systems controlled by ACE2, including renin-angiotensin system. will be further increased case pre-conditions with already compromised functioning these systems, such as patients obesity diabetes. Here, we propose that interactions virally-induced and/or leads synergistic impairment endothelial gut barrier function. The appearance bacteria their products lungs obese diabetic promotes between bacterial pathogens, resulting more severe lung injury

Language: Английский

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The impact of dietary fructose on gut permeability, microbiota, abdominal adiposity, insulin signaling and reproductive function

Heliyon, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(8), P. e18896 - e18896

Published: Aug. 1, 2023

The excessive intake of fructose in the regular human diet could be related to global increases metabolic disorders. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, mostly consumed by children, adolescents, and young adults, are main source added fructose. Dietary high-fructose can increase intestinal permeability circulatory endotoxin changing gut barrier function microbial composition. Excess transports liver then triggers inflammation as well de novo lipogenesis leading hepatic steatosis. Fructose also induces fat deposition adipose tissue stimulating expression lipogenic genes, thus causing abdominal adiposity. Activation inflammatory pathway target tissues is thought contribute suppression insulin signaling producing systemic resistance. Moreover, there some evidence that high negatively affects both male female reproductive systems may lead infertility. This review addresses dietary high-fructose-induced deteriorations obvious, especially permeability, microbiota, accumulation, signaling, function. recognition detrimental effects development relevant new public health policies necessary order prevent diet-related

Language: Английский

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The role of the estimated glomerular filtration rate and body roundness index in the risk assessment of uric acid-lowering therapy-resistant gout in U.S. adults: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2018)

Renal Failure, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 47(1)

Published: Feb. 5, 2025

To explore the risk factors for uric acid-lowering therapy-resistant gout (UALT-RG) and its relationships with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body roundness index (BRI), visceral adiposity (VAI) via 2007-2018 National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. We calculated BRI using waist circumference standing height; VAI triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), mass (BMI); eGFR from serum creatinine levels. also collected explored of eGFR, BRI, UALT-RG univariable multivariable weighted logistic regression, trend analysis, restricted cubic splines. Among 1,811 patients gout, ∼9.08% had UALT-RG; these were more likely to have obesity, comorbid diabetes (36% [27-47%] vs. 25% [22-28%]) or impaired kidney function (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, 34.5% [27-43%] 22.5% [20-26%]); be former smokers; take colchicine (10% [5.6-19%] 4.3% [2.8-6.7%]). Logistic regression analysis suggested that an elevated decreased independent potential screening indicators UALT-RG. Restricted spline revealed a negative linear between (p-overall 0.0001) significant positive correlation 0.0001). An increased may assessment in U.S. adults. It is necessary monitor urate levels closely conduct early multidisciplinary comanagement when obesity chronic disease stages 3-5.

Language: Английский

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The Role of microRNAs in Metabolic Syndrome-Related Oxidative Stress

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(18), P. 6902 - 6902

Published: Sept. 20, 2020

Oxidative stress (OxS) is the cause and consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), incidence economic burden which increasing each year. OxS triggers dysregulation signaling pathways associated with metabolism epigenetics, including microRNAs, are biomarkers disorders. In this review, we aimed to summarize current knowledge regarding interplay between microRNAs in MetS its components. We searched PubMed Google Scholar most relevant studies. Collected data suggested that different sources (e.g., hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, obesity, proinflammatory cytokines) change expression numerous organs involved regulation glucose lipid endothelium. Dysregulated either directly or indirectly affect and/or activity molecules antioxidative (SIRT1, FOXOs, Keap1/Nrf2) along effector enzymes GPx-1, SOD1/2, HO-1), ROS producers NOX4/5), as well genes connected inflammation, sensitivity, metabolism, thus promoting progression imbalance. MicroRNAs appear be important epigenetic modifiers managing delicate redox balance, mediating pro- antioxidant biological impacts. Summarizing, may promising therapeutic targets ameliorating repercussions MetS.

Language: Английский

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Sugars and Gastrointestinal Health

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 20(9), P. 1912 - 1924.e7

Published: Dec. 10, 2021

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms contributing to adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in obesity

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 477(4), P. 1155 - 1193

Published: Jan. 27, 2022

Language: Английский

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Triglyceride Glucose Index Is More Closely Related to Hyperuricemia Than Obesity Indices in the Medical Checkup Population in Xinjiang, China

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: March 2, 2022

Background Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic anomaly with an increased incidence rate, causing global medical burden. Several studies have confirmed that obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are the risk factors for HUA. Reports on predictive power of different indices HUA limited. This study aimed to compare association between general, abdominal, visceral markers IR-triglyceride glucose (TyG) index serum uric acid (SUA) assess ability these predict Methods A total 2243 participants were recruited from Barkol County Hospital surrounding township hospitals in Xinjiang. Obesity indices, including atherogenic plasma, cardiometabolic index, adiposity lipid accumulation product body shape roundness waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, mass TyG divided into four quartiles. Moreover, partial correlations logistic regression used analyze SUA. The area under curve (AUC) receiver operating characteristic curves value Results After controlling confounding variables, was stronger than both males females. odds ratios (ORs) highest quartile 2.098 (95% confidence interval, 1.555–2.831) 7.788 CI, 3.581–16.937) For males, AIP, CMI, VAI, LAP able discriminate HUA, showed AUC 0.586 0.557–0.614; P &lt; 0.001). females, all except BMI, can CMI 0.737 0.691–0.782; Meanwhile, had relatively high 0.728 0.682–0.773; Conclusion significantly related superior identifying checkup population Xinjiang, China.

Language: Английский

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Uric acid relationships with lipid profile and adiposity indices: Impact of different hyperuricemic thresholds

Journal of Clinical Hypertension, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 78 - 85

Published: Dec. 27, 2022

Previous studies focused on the relationships between Serum Uric Acid (SUA) and lipids have found an association mainly with triglycerides. Furthermore, previous adiposity indices been evaluation of Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI). The present study was aimed at providing within same population a systematic SUA, employing both classic cutoff for hyperuricemia newly one identified by Right Heart Health (URRAH) study. We analyzed data collected in 1892 subjects Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E loro Associazioni (PAMELA) available lipid profile variables necessary to calculate VAI, Cardio-Metabolic (CMI) Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP). At linear regression model (corrected confounders) SUA correlated all values (with strongest β triglycerides) indices. When two different cutoffs were compared, URRAH significantly related atherogenic (OR 1.207 LDL 1.33 non-HDL, P < 0.001) while this not case one. Regarding displays highest OR as compared In conclusions, reported better relate lipoprotein (LDL non-HDL) when opposite has indexes where cut-off seems performance. Among indexes, LAP relationship hyperuricemia.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of Excessive Fructose Intake on Adipose Tissue and the Development of Childhood Obesity

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(7), P. 939 - 939

Published: March 25, 2024

Worldwide, childhood obesity cases continue to rise, and its prevalence is known increase the risk of non-communicable diseases typically found in adults, such as cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, comprehending multiple causes build healthier approaches revert this scenario urgent. Obesity development strongly associated with high fructose intake since excessive consumption highly lipogenic sugar leads white fat accumulation adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulated adipokine release. Unfortunately, global has increased dramatically recent years, which fact that not always evident consumers, it commonly added a sweetener food sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Therefore, here, we discuss impact on biology, contribution obesity, current strategies for reducing and/or free intake. To achieve reductions, conclude important population access reliable information about ingredients via labels. Consumers also need scientific education understand potential health risks themselves their children.

Language: Английский

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