The Role of Memory T-Cell Mediated Immunity in Long-term COVID-19: Effects of Vaccination Status.

PubMed, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 50(2), P. 61 - 68

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

T-cell-mediated immunity is essential for controlling severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) infection, preventing disease, and potentially reducing the risk of long-term disease (COVID). This study investigated impact natural vaccination, hybrid on T-cell responses, with a particular emphasis role memory T-cells in COVID-19. The present reviewed current literature including development, individuals SARS-CoV-2 those vaccinated messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, immunity. It examined studies that compared activity, immune regulation, prevalence COVID-19 across these groups. Natural infection induces variable cases showing stronger but sometimes dysregulated immunological which may contribute to prolonged Vaccination, particularly mRNA elicits targeted consistent T-cells, severity, incidence Hybrid combines provides most robust protection, enhanceds reduces through balanced regulation. Memory play critical mitigating Vaccination significantly enhances immunity, minimizing chronic symptoms alone. effective defense, emphasizing importance even after prevent

Language: Английский

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Importance, Applications and Features of Assays Measuring SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(6), P. 5352 - 5352

Published: March 10, 2023

More than three years ago, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic with millions of deaths. In meantime, SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic and is now part repertoire viruses causing seasonal severe respiratory infections. Due to several factors, among them development immunity through natural infection, vaccination current dominance seemingly less pathogenic strains belonging omicron lineage, situation stabilized. However, challenges remain possible new occurrence highly variants remains a threat. Here we review development, features importance assays measuring neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). particular focus on in vitro infection molecular interaction studying binding receptor domain (RBD) its cognate cellular ACE2. These assays, but not measurement SARS-CoV-2-specific per se, can inform us whether produced by convalescent or vaccinated subjects may protect against thus have potential predict risk becoming newly infected. This information extremely important given fact that considerable number subjects, vulnerable persons, respond poorly production antibodies. Furthermore, these allow determine evaluate virus-neutralizing capacity induced vaccines administration plasma-, immunoglobulin preparations, monoclonal antibodies, ACE2 synthetic compounds be used for therapy assist preclinical evaluation vaccines. Both types relatively quickly adapted emerging virus about magnitude cross-neutralization, which even estimate infected appearing variants. Given paramount discuss their specific features, advantages disadvantages, technical aspects yet fully resolved issues, such as cut-off levels predicting degree vivo protection.

Language: Английский

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Encephalitis following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 576 - 576

Published: March 2, 2023

Background: Since the advent of global COVID-19 vaccination, several studies reported cases encephalitis with its various subtypes following vaccinations. In this regard, we conducted a systematic review to investigate and characterize clinical settings these aid in physician awareness proper care provision. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web Science, Scopus manually Google Scholar. Studies published until October 2022 were included. Demographic data, features, vaccine treatment lines, outcomes extracted. Results: A total 65 patients from 52 The mean age was 46.82 ± 19.25 years, 36 (55.4%) males. AstraZeneca most-reported associated (38.5%) followed by Pfizer (33.8%), Moderna (16.9%), others. Moat occurred after first dose vaccination 41/65 (66.1%). time between symptom onset 9.97 7.16 days. Corticosteroids (86.2 %) immunosuppressants (81.5 most used lines treatment. majority affected individuals experienced full recovery. Conclusion: Our study summarizes current evidence post-vaccination encephalitis, regarding presentation, symptoms onset, management, outcomes, comorbid conditions; however, it fails either acknowledge incidence occurrence or establish causal relationship vaccines encephalitis.

Language: Английский

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Key allosteric and active site residues of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro are promising drug targets

Biochemical Journal, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 480(11), P. 791 - 813

Published: May 31, 2023

The main protease of SARS-CoV-2, 3-chymotrypsin-like (3CLpro), is a prominent target for antiviral development due to its essential role in the viral life cycle. Research has largely focused on competitive inhibitors 3CLpro that active site. However, allosteric sites distal peptide substrate-binding region are also potential targets design reversible noncompetitive inhibitors. Computational analyses have examined importance key contacts at 3CLpro, but these not been validated experimentally. In this work, four druggable pockets spanning surface SARS-CoV-2 were predicted: pocket 1 site, whereas 2, 3, and 4 located away from site interface domains II III. Site-directed alanine mutagenesis selected residues with important structural interactions revealed 7 13 (N28, R40, Y54, S147, Y161, D187 Q192) 12 (T111, R131, N133, D197, N203, D289 D295) maintaining catalytically thermodynamically stable 3CLpro. Alanine substitution amino acid inactivated or reduced activity addition, thermodynamic stability decreased presence some mutations. This work provides experimental validation could be targeted as new therapeutics against COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Characteristics of COVID-19 Disease in Renal Transplant Recipients

Medicina, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 60(2), P. 201 - 201

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Background and Objectives: Kidney transplant recipients are at risk of developing more severe forms COVID-19 infection. The aim this study was to compare the clinical course infection among kidney patients a control group. Materials Methods: We examined 150 hospitalized with Patients were divided into (kidney recipients, n = 53) (without history transplantation, 97) groups. Demographics, characteristics, treatment data, outcomes assessed. Results: median patient age 56.0 (46.0–64.0) years, seventy-seven (51.3%) men. Charlson comorbidity index higher in group (3.0 vs. 2.0, p < 0.001). There incidence hypoxemia upon arrival (52.6% 22.6%, 0.001) NEWS (2.0 1.0 points, 0.009) pneumonia during hospitalization (88.7% 73.6%, 0.023). In group, there cases mild (26.4% 11.3%, 0.023) critically 3.1%, 0.001), failure prevalent (34.0% 1.0%, greater number transferred intensive care unit (22.6% died (18.9% Multivariable analysis revealed that correlated mortality rate than transplantation itself (HR 20.71, 95% CI 2.01–213.33, 0.011). Conclusions: disease is heterogeneous can be general population. Even though may fewer symptoms, complications death likely occur.

Language: Английский

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Analysis of the immune response in COVID-19

Progress in molecular biology and translational science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Methods of Extraction, Detection, and Identification of Different Metabolites—A Metabolomics Approach

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Altered Circulating Cytokine Profile Among mRNA‐Vaccinated Young Adults: A Year‐Long Follow‐Up Study

Immunity Inflammation and Disease, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(4)

Published: April 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Objectives This longitudinal study aimed to assess the impact of COVID‐19 vaccination on cytokine profile. Methods A total 84 Saudi subjects (57.1% females) with mean age 27.2 ± 12.3 participated in this study. Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline after final vaccination, an average follow‐up duration 14.1 3.6 months for adolescents 13.3 3.0 adults, calculated from first dose vaccination. Assessment profiles was done using commercially available assays. Results After follow‐up, a significant increase weight body mass index observed overall ( p = 0.003 0.002, respectively). Postvaccination, increases several cytokines, including basic fibroblast growth factor 2 < 0.001), interferon gamma (IFNγ) 0.005), interleukin‐1 beta (IL1β) IL4 IL6 0.003), IL7 IL17E monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP1) 0.03), MCP3 tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα) VEGFA 0.001). reduction only macrophage colony‐stimulating When adjusted age, epidermal (EGF), IL4, IL6, MCP3, TNFα, vascular endothelial (VEGFA) remained statistically significant. Gender‐based analysis revealed that men experienced greater 0.008), 0.04), TNFα 0.015) compared women. Age‐based showed older participants had more pronounced EGF 0.011), 0.029), MCP1 0.042), 0.017), while younger 0.025). Conclusions The findings indicated resulted levels, which signifies persistence humoral immune response messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. effect may be attributed persistent production spike protein highly inflammatory nature mRNA–lipid nanoparticle. Additionally, results suggested differences levels based gender age. Notably, profile remains favorably altered young adults who received mRNA vaccinations, even 1 year.

Language: Английский

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Oral and systemic health: is there a “new” link with COVID-19?

Clinical Oral Investigations, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(S1), P. 3 - 13

Published: April 20, 2023

Abstract Objectives The objective of the present narrative review was to evaluate evidence a possible association between periodontitis and COVID-19, its biological plausibility, using as models potential associations with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, some respiratory diseases. Methods A recent systematic used main reference explore different including following two focussed questions: PECOS question, aimed epidemiological evidence, PICOS designed derived from intervention studies. In addition that other relevant scientific documents, consensus papers, were carefully selected appraised. Findings Convincing found support plausibility behind those is based on four factors: (1) bacteraemia oral bacteria periodontal pathogens, (2) increased systemic inflammation, (3) common genetic factors, (4) environmental risk factors. Limited initial available an COVID-19 complications. Among proposed factors explain suggested association, combination previously mentioned plus additional related SARS-CoV-2 characteristics pathogenicity, has been suggested. Conclusions Initial suggests may be associated more severe higher death due COVID-19. Clinical relevance Due severity for efforts should made improve health, promotion healthy habits, such hygiene.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 story: Entry and immune response

Vacunas (English Edition), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 100380 - 100380

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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