Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging

Archives of Toxicology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 97(10), P. 2499 - 2574

Published: Aug. 19, 2023

Abstract A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species (collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or “good stress” characterized by low to mild levels oxidants involved in the regulation various biochemical transformations such carboxylation, hydroxylation, peroxidation, modulation signal transduction pathways Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related 2 (Nrf2) other processes. Increased ROS/RNS, generated from both endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases) and/or exogenous sources (radiation, certain drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, pollution) result a harmful condition stress (“bad stress”). Although it widely accepted, that many chronic diseases are multifactorial origin, they share common denominator. Here we review importance mechanisms through which contributes pathological states an organism. Attention focused on chemistry ROS RNS (e.g. superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), their role damage DNA, proteins, membrane lipids. Quantitative qualitative assessment biomarkers also discussed. Oxidative pathology cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s Down syndrome), psychiatric (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), renal disease, lung disease (chronic pulmonary obstruction, cancer), aging. The concerted action antioxidants ameliorate effect achieved antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutases-SODs, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-GPx), small molecular weight (vitamins C E, flavonoids, carotenoids, melatonin, ergothioneine, others). Perhaps one most effective vitamin first line defense against peroxidation promising approach appears be use flavonoids), showing weak prooxidant properties may boost cellular systems thus act preventive anticancer agents. Redox metal-based enzyme mimetic compounds potential pharmaceutical interventions sirtuins therapeutic targets for age-related anti-aging strategies

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic Strategies to Ameliorate Neuronal Damage in Epilepsy by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation

Brain Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(5), P. 784 - 784

Published: May 11, 2023

Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder involving spontaneous and recurring seizures that affects 50 million individuals globally. Because approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to drug therapy, the development new therapeutic strategies against could be beneficial. Oxidative stress mitochondrial dysfunction are frequently observed in epilepsy. Additionally, neuroinflammation increasingly understood contribute pathogenesis Mitochondrial also recognized for its contributions neuronal excitability apoptosis, which can lead loss This review focuses on roles oxidative damage, dysfunction, NAPDH oxidase, blood–brain barrier, excitotoxicity, We therapies used treat prevent seizures, including anti-seizure medications, anti-epileptic drugs, anti-inflammatory therapies, antioxidant therapies. In addition, we use neuromodulation surgery treatment Finally, present role dietary nutritional management epilepsy, ketogenic diet intake vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids. By reviewing available interventions research pathophysiology this points areas further manage

Language: Английский

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The influence of the gut-brain axis on anxiety and depression: A review of the literature on the use of probiotics

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 237 - 255

Published: March 21, 2024

This review aims to argue how using probiotics can improve anxiety and depressive behaviour without adverse effects, also exploring the impact of postbiotics on it. Specifically, have drawn more attention as effective alternative treatments, considering rising cost antidepressant anti-anxiety drugs high risk side effects. Depression disorders are among most common mental illnesses in world's population, characterised by low mood, poor general interest, cognitive or motor dysfunction. Thus, this study analyzed published literature anxiety, depression, probiotic supplementation from PubMed Scopus, focusing last twenty years. focused effect health they because their extensive clinical applications positive various diseases. Numerous studies demonstrated gut microbiota might be critical for mood regulation affect host regulating gut-brain axis. By comparing different works analysed, it was possible identify a strategy which selected employed and, at same time, assess optimised postbiotics, an innovation well-being humans.

Language: Английский

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The Crucial Role of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms of Disruption and Therapeutic Implications

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 386 - 386

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a crucial structure that maintains brain homeostasis by regulating the entry of molecules and cells from bloodstream into central nervous system (CNS). Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Parkinson's disease, well ischemic stroke, compromise integrity BBB. This leads to increased permeability infiltration harmful substances, thereby accelerating neurodegeneration. In this review, we explore mechanisms underlying BBB disruption, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, loss tight junction integrity, in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss how breakdown contributes neurotoxicity, abnormal accumulation pathological proteins, all which exacerbate neuronal damage facilitate disease progression. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving or restoring function, anti-inflammatory treatments, antioxidant therapies, approaches enhance integrity. Given role neurodegeneration, maintaining its represents promising approach slow prevent progression

Language: Английский

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The efficacy of polyphenols as an antioxidant agent: An updated review

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 250, P. 126525 - 126525

Published: Aug. 25, 2023

Language: Английский

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Nutritional Criminology: Why the Emerging Research on Ultra-Processed Food Matters to Health and Justice

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(2), P. 120 - 120

Published: Jan. 23, 2024

There is mounting concern over the potential harms associated with ultra-processed foods, including poor mental health and antisocial behavior. Cutting-edge research provides an enhanced understanding of biophysiological mechanisms, microbiome pathways, invites a historical reexamination earlier work that investigated relationship between nutrition criminal Here, in this perspective article, we explore how emergent casts new light greater significance on previous key observations. Despite expanding interest field dubbed ‘nutritional psychiatry’, there has been relatively little attention paid to its relevancy within criminology justice system. Since public practitioners, allied professionals, policymakers play roles throughout systems, holistic both critical. While are many questions be resolved, available evidence suggests might underappreciated factor prevention treatment along spectrum. The intersection biopsychosocial requires transdisciplinary discussions power structures, industry influence, marketing issues widespread food social inequalities. Some these already occurring under banner ‘food crime’. Given vast societal implications, it our contention subject multidisciplinary criminology—referred here as nutritional criminology—deserves increased scrutiny. Through combining findings cutting-edge research, aim increase awareness topic among broad readership journal, hopes generating hypotheses collaborations.

Language: Английский

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Valorization of Grape Pomace: A Review of Phenolic Composition, Bioactivity, and Therapeutic Potential

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(9), P. 1131 - 1131

Published: Sept. 19, 2024

Vitis vinifera L., commonly known as grapes, is one of the most widely cultivated crops worldwide, with over 80% used for wine production. However, winemaking process generates substantial residues, including grape pomace (GP), lees, and wastewater, which can pose significant environmental economic challenges. Among these, GP stands out not only a waste product but also rich source polyphenols—bioactive compounds recognized antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties. Recent advancements have expanded application GP-derived extracts, particularly in health food industries, due to their potent bioactive This review provides comprehensive overview valorization GP, focusing on its phenolic composition therapeutic potential. It evokes innovative, environmentally friendly extraction techniques integrated methods chemical analysis these valuable compounds. Additionally, benefits polyphenols are explored, recent experimental findings examining metabolism highlighting key role gut microbiota processes. These insights contribute deeper understanding biological activity extracts underscore growing significance high-added-value product. By illustrating how by-products be transformed into natural agents, this emphasizes importance sustainable development eco-friendly management practices, significantly contributing advancement circular economy.

Language: Английский

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Therapeutic potential of stilbenes in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Phytotherapy Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38(3), P. 1400 - 1461

Published: Jan. 17, 2024

Abstract Neuropsychiatric disorders are anticipated to be a leading health concern in the near future, emphasizing an outstanding need for development of new effective therapeutics treat them. Stilbenes, with resveratrol attracting most attention, example multi‐target compounds promising therapeutic potential broad array neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions. This review is comprehensive summary current state research on stilbenes several such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative disorders. We describe discuss results both vitro vivo studies. The majority studies concentrate resveratrol, limited findings exploring other pterostilbene, piceatannol, polydatin, tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside, or synthetic derivatives. Overall, although extensive preclinical show benefits various central nervous system clinical evidence their efficacy largely missing.

Language: Английский

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Neuroprotective Effects of Myrtle Berry By-Product Extracts on 6-OHDA-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 88 - 88

Published: Jan. 13, 2025

The rising global focus on healthy lifestyles and environmental sustainability has prompted interest in repurposing plant-based by-products for health benefits. With increasing life expectancy, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases—characterized by complex, multifactorial mechanisms such as abnormal protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation—continues to grow. Medicinal plants, with their diverse bioactive compounds, offer promising therapeutic avenues conditions. Myrtus communis L., a Mediterranean plant primarily used liquor production, generates significant waste rich antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties. This study explores neuroprotective potential berry cellular model neurodegeneration. Using PC12 cells exposed 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), we assessed cell viability via MTT assay measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using DCFDA fluorescence. Additionally, analyzed expression genes linked stress neuronal function, including AChE, PON2, Grin1, Gabrd, c-fos, RT-PCR. Our findings reveal that extract significantly protects against 6-OHDA-induced cytotoxicity, reduces ROS levels, modulates key stress-related genes, underscoring its agent. These results highlight promise extracts mitigating processes, paving way future interventions.

Language: Английский

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Synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection: The molecular impact of flavonoids on neurodegenerative disease progression

Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 569, P. 161 - 183

Published: Feb. 7, 2025

Language: Английский

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