Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants

Archives of Toxicology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 98(5), P. 1323 - 1367

Published: March 14, 2024

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) are well recognized for playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems. An imbalance between ROS production elimination is termed oxidative stress, critical factor common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases), other disorders. To counteract the harmful effects ROS, organisms have evolved complex, three-line antioxidant defense system. The first-line mechanism most efficient involves enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This line plays an irreplaceable role in dismutation radicals (O 2 ·− ) hydrogen peroxide (H O ). removal by SOD prevents formation much more damaging peroxynitrite ONOO − + NO · → maintains physiologically relevant level nitric oxide (NO ), important molecule neurotransmission, inflammation, vasodilation. second-line pathway exogenous diet-derived small-molecule antioxidants. third-line ensured repair oxidized proteins biomolecules variety enzyme review briefly discusses endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH, xanthine oxidase (XO), Fenton reaction) (e.g., smoking, radiation, drugs, pollution) sources (superoxide radical, peroxide, hydroxyl peroxyl hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite). Attention has been given system provided SOD, CAT, GPx. chemical molecular mechanisms enzymes, enzyme-related (cancer, cardiovascular, lung, metabolic, GPx4) cellular processes ferroptosis discussed. Potential therapeutic applications mimics recent progress metal-based (copper, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, cerium) nonmetal (carbon)-based nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) also Moreover, attention action low-molecular-weight antioxidants (vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids β-carotene, lycopene, lutein), flavonoids quercetin, anthocyanins, epicatechin), (GSH)), activation transcription factors Nrf2, protection against diseases. Given that there discrepancy preclinical clinical studies, approaches may result greater pharmacological success therapies subject discussion.

Language: Английский

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Interplay of oxidative stress, cellular communication and signaling pathways in cancer

Cell Communication and Signaling, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(1)

Published: Jan. 2, 2024

Abstract Cancer remains a significant global public health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Oxidative stress, characterized by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, plays critical role in development cancer affecting genomic stability signaling pathways cellular microenvironment. Elevated levels ROS disrupt homeostasis contribute to loss normal functions, which are associated initiation progression various types cancer. In this review, we have focused on elucidating downstream that influenced oxidative stress carcinogenesis. These include p53, Keap1-NRF2, RB1, p21, APC, tumor suppressor genes, cell type transitions. Dysregulation these can lead uncontrolled growth, impaired DNA repair mechanisms, evasion death, all hallmark features development. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting emerged as area investigation for molecular biologists. The objective is limit response time cancer, including liver, breast, prostate, ovarian, lung cancers. By modulating redox balance restoring homeostasis, it may be possible mitigate damaging effects enhance efficacy treatments. targeted therapies interventions specifically address impact holds great promise improving patient outcomes. approaches antioxidant-based treatments, redox-modulating agents, restore function affected stress. summary, understanding carcinogenesis process through therapeutic utmost importance combating Further research needed unravel complex mechanisms underlying stress-related develop effective translated into clinical applications management treatment

Language: Английский

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Water physicochemical factors and oxidative stress physiology in fish, a review

Frontiers in Environmental Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Sept. 15, 2023

Fish are among the best-studied aquatic animals due to their economic and ecological values. meat is most affordable protein source for economically weaker section of people. The environment almost all ecosystems has a specific influential role on or by fishes. Therefore, studying stress biology, especially oxidative stress, vital because it can influence growth, production, reproduction, etc. To review above topic, peer-reviewed electronic databases, including Web Science, science direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, AGRICOLA, were searched with keywords associated fish, diseases, abiotic such as effects water dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, hardness, alkalinity, pH, pollutants, heavy metals, anthropogenic activities, was reviewed in current article draw conclusion updated relation that exists between fish physiology, disease, stressors. Oxidative redox regulatory levels under parameters anti-stress responses differ various models. Undoubtedly, factors modulate health status greater extent, therefore, these must be considered priority basis improve general immunity fish. statement remains valid both saline freshwater habitats.

Language: Английский

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Dietary gallic acid as an antioxidant: A review of its food industry applications, health benefits, bioavailability, nano-delivery systems, and drug interactions

Food Research International, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 180, P. 114068 - 114068

Published: Jan. 29, 2024

Language: Английский

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Inflammatory response of nanoparticles: Mechanisms, consequences, and strategies for mitigation

Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 363, P. 142826 - 142826

Published: July 11, 2024

Language: Английский

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Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects

Archives of Toxicology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 20, 2024

Abstract Heavy metals are naturally occurring components of the Earth’s crust and persistent environmental pollutants. Human exposure to heavy occurs via various pathways, including inhalation air/dust particles, ingesting contaminated water or soil, through food chain. Their bioaccumulation may lead diverse toxic effects affecting different body tissues organ systems. The toxicity depends on properties given metal, dose, route, duration (acute chronic), extent bioaccumulation. detrimental impacts human health largely linked their capacity interfere with antioxidant defense mechanisms, primarily interaction intracellular glutathione (GSH) sulfhydryl groups (R-SH) enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, peroxidase (GPx), reductase (GR), other enzyme Although arsenic (As) is believed bind directly critical thiols, alternative hydrogen peroxide production processes have also been postulated. known signaling pathways affect a variety cellular processes, cell growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, apoptosis. For example, cadmium can BLC-2 family proteins involved in mitochondrial death overexpression antiapoptotic Bcl-2 suppression proapoptotic (BAX, BAK) thus increasing resistance cells undergo malignant transformation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) an important regulator enzymes, level oxidative stress, oxidants has shown act double-edged sword response arsenic-induced stress. Another mechanism significant threats metal (e.g., Pb) involves substitution essential calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe)) structurally similar (Cd) (Pb)) metal-binding sites proteins. Displaced redox (copper, iron, manganese) from natural catalyze decomposition Fenton reaction generate damaging ROS hydroxyl radicals, causing damage lipids, proteins, DNA. Conversely, some metals, cadmium, suppress synthesis nitric oxide radical (NO · ), manifested by altered vasorelaxation and, consequently, blood pressure regulation. Pb-induced stress be indirectly responsible for depletion due its (O ·− resulting formation potent biological oxidant, peroxynitrite (ONOO − ). This review comprehensively discusses mechanisms effects. Aluminum (Al), (Cd), (As), mercury (Hg), (Pb), chromium (Cr) roles development gastrointestinal, pulmonary, kidney, reproductive, neurodegenerative (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases), cardiovascular, cancer (e.g. renal, lung, skin, stomach) diseases discussed. A short account devoted detoxification chelation use ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA), dimercaprol (BAL), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic (DMSA), 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic (DMPS), penicillamine chelators.

Language: Английский

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Mitochondria in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis

Life, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 196 - 196

Published: Jan. 30, 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects persons aged 65 years above. It causes dementia with memory loss deterioration in thinking language skills. AD characterized by specific pathology resulting from the accumulation brain of extracellular plaques amyloid-β intracellular tangles phosphorylated tau. The importance mitochondrial dysfunction pathogenesis, while previously underrecognized, now more appreciated. Mitochondria are an essential organelle involved cellular bioenergetics signaling pathways. Mitochondrial processes crucial for synaptic activity such as mitophagy, trafficking, fission, fusion dysregulated brain. Excess fission fragmentation yield mitochondria low energy production. Reduced glucose metabolism also observed hypometabolic state, particularly temporo-parietal regions. This review addresses multiple ways which abnormal structure function contribute to AD. Disruption electron transport chain ATP production neurotoxic because cells have disproportionately high demands. In addition, oxidative stress, extremely damaging nerve cells, rises dramatically dyshomeostasis. Restoring health may be viable approach treatment.

Language: Английский

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Exploring the role of antioxidants in sepsis-associated oxidative stress: a comprehensive review

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: March 6, 2024

Sepsis is a potentially fatal condition characterized by organ dysfunction caused an imbalanced immune response to infection. Although increased inflammatory significantly contributes the pathogenesis of sepsis, several molecular mechanisms underlying progression sepsis are associated with cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and exhausted antioxidant pathways. This review article provides comprehensive overview involvement ROS in pathophysiology potential application antioxidants antimicrobial properties as adjunct primary therapies (fluid antibiotic therapies) against sepsis. delves into advantages disadvantages utilization therapeutic approach which has been explored variety animal models clinical trials. While suggested therapy suppress cases where intensified reaction occurs, use multiple agents can be beneficial they act additively or synergistically on different pathways, thereby enhancing defense. Furthermore, immunoadjuvant therapy, specifically septic patients displaying immunosuppressive tendencies, represents promising advancement therapy.

Language: Английский

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StackedEnC-AOP: prediction of antioxidant proteins using transform evolutionary and sequential features based multi-scale vector with stacked ensemble learning

BMC Bioinformatics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: Aug. 4, 2024

Antioxidant proteins are involved in several biological processes and can protect DNA cells from the damage of free radicals. These regulate body's oxidative stress perform a significant role many antioxidant-based drugs. The current invitro-based medications costly, time-consuming, unable to efficiently screen identify targeted motif antioxidant proteins.

Language: Английский

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Heavy metals in biological samples of cancer patients: a systematic literature review

BioMetals, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(4), P. 803 - 817

Published: Feb. 12, 2024

Abstract The majority of the so-called heavy metals are suspected to be involved in a number pathologies and play role human carcinogenesis. Some them (i.e. arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) nickel (Ni)) have been defined as carcinogens, increasing susceptibility tumor development progression humans. Moreover, Ni, Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb together with zinc (Zn) iron (Fe), may capable stimulating breast cancer reducing patient’s sensitivity treatment through alterations DNA methylation. In patients gastric cancers, levels various augmented hypothesized amplify expression epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 gene. Cd increase risk lung negative impact on overall survival patients. To investigate relation between biological samples risk, occurrence individuals, comprehensive review work was performed, focus breast, lung, prostate cancers. An extensive search strategy devised ensure relevant literature could identified, PECO framework being adopted facilitate this identify key terms. As evidenced review, there is substantial data support hypothesis that influence progression. Unluckily papers dealing determination directly from tissues still rather limited, so we decided expand scope also analyses carried out other samples, urine, plasma, hair, nail, etc. studies reviewed showed several limitations current knowledge gaps present require further investigation improve our comprehension different tumorigenesis. Graphical abstract

Language: Английский

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