Pulmonary toxicity assessment of polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene microplastic fragments in mice

Toxicological Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 40(2), P. 313 - 323

Published: March 8, 2024

Abstract Polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE) plastics are commonly used in household items such as electronic housings, food packaging, bottles, bags, toys, roofing membranes. The presence of inhalable microplastics indoor air has become a topic concern many people spent extended periods time indoors during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown restrictions, however, toxic effects on respiratory system not properly understood. We examined toxicity PP, PS, PE microplastic fragments pulmonary C57BL/6 mice. For 14 days, mice were intratracheally instilled 5 mg/kg daily. number inflammatory cells macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) PS-instilled was significantly higher than that vehicle control (VC). levels cytokines chemokines BALF increased compared to VC. However, responses PP- PE-stimulated different from those VC group. observed elevated protein toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 lung tissue PP-instilled TLR4 with VC, while TLR1, TLR5, TLR6 remained unchanged. Phosphorylation nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) IĸB-α Furthermore, Nucleotide‑binding oligomerization domain‑like family pyrin domain‑containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components including NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like containing caspase recruitment domain (ASC), Caspase-1 but PE-instilled These results suggest PS fragment stimulation induces inflammation due NF-ĸB NLRP3 activation by pathway.

Language: Английский

---

Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Life, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(5), P. 582 - 582

Published: April 30, 2024

Pregnane neuroactive steroids, notably allopregnanolone and pregnenolone, exhibit efficacy in mitigating inflammatory signals triggered by toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, thus attenuating the production of factors. Clinical studies highlight their therapeutic potential, particularly conditions like postpartum depression (PPD), where FDA-approved compound brexanolone, an intravenous formulation allopregnanolone, effectively suppresses TLR-mediated pathways, predicting symptom improvement. Additionally, pregnane neurosteroids trophic anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating vital proteins Androstane including estrogens androgens, along with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), display diverse effects on TLR expression activation. Notably, androstenediol (ADIOL), androstane neurosteroid, emerges as a potent agent, promising for interventions. The dysregulation immune responses via signaling alongside reduced levels endogenous significantly contributes to severity across various neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroactive such demonstrate alleviating symptoms disorders modulating neuroimmune responses, offering potential intervention avenues. This review emphasizes significant steroids addressing processes associated It advances our understanding complex interplay between paving way personalized treatment strategies tailored individual needs providing insights future research aimed at unraveling intricacies

Language: Английский

---

The ability of microRNAs to regulate the immune response in ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory pathways

Genes and Immunity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(4), P. 277 - 296

Published: June 22, 2024

Abstract MicroRNAs play a crucial role in regulating the immune responses induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Through their ability to modulate gene expression, microRNAs adjust targeting specific genes and signaling pathways. This review focuses on impact of inflammatory pathways triggered during injury highlights inflammation, playing critical pathophysiology Dysregulated expression contributes pathogenesis injury, therefore offers an opportunity restore homeostasis improve patient outcomes. Understanding complex network immunoregulatory could provide novel therapeutic interventions aimed at attenuating excessive inflammation preserving tissue integrity.

Language: Английский

---

Special Issue “The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Infection and Inflammation 2.0”

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(17), P. 9709 - 9709

Published: Sept. 7, 2024

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the innate immune system, host’ first-line defense against pathogens [...]

Language: Английский

---

Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: March 13, 2024

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remain a primary global health concern. The immunopathology of the infection, specifically interactions between HBV and host immune system, remains somewhat unknown. It has been discovered that innate reactions are vital in eliminating HBV. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) an essential category proteins detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). They begin pathways intracellular signals to stimulate pro-inflammatory anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus forming adaptive reactions. TLRs include TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 TLR9. Each TLR its particular molecule recognize; various impact play distinct roles pathogenesis disease. gene polymorphisms may have advantageous or disadvantageous efficacy on some single nucleotide (SNPs) can influence progression prognosis infection. Additionally, it similar SNPs genes might varied effects populations due stress, diet, external physical variables. In addition, activation TLR-interceded signaling could suppress replication increase HBV-particular T-cell B-cell By identifying these associated polymorphisms, we efficiently advance vaccines. this will enhance our capability forecast danger infection threat dependent liver disease development via several SNPs, playing role inhibition, monitoring, even treatment guidance for This review show their signaling, associations with diseases.

Language: Английский

---

The Roles of Functional Bacterial Amyloids in Neurological Physiology and Pathophysiology: Pros and Cons for Neurodegeneration

Microbial Pathogenesis, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 107363 - 107363

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. leaf extract modulates the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit PGN-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 119510 - 119510

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Fucosylated Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharide HS14, Derived from Sea Cucumbers, Is a Novel Inhibitor of Platelet Toll-like Receptor 2

Marine Drugs, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 110 - 110

Published: March 4, 2025

(1) Background: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on platelets is increasingly recognized as a pivotal mediator in infection-induced platelet activation and aggregation, contributing to both inflammatory thrombotic diseases. Targeting TLR2 offers promising therapeutic strategy for thrombotic-related disorders. However, inhibitors targeting have not yet been reported. (2) Methods: Platelet aggregation was assessed using light transmission aggregometer. evaluated by measuring the release of P-selectin von Willebrand factor (vWF) via ELISA. Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization quantified Fluo 3-AM fluorescence, recorded flow cytometry. Static adhesion visualized under microscope, formation platelet–granulocyte aggregates human whole blood analyzed (3) Results: Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG) tetradecasaccharide HS14 inhibited induced synthetic bacterial lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 concentration-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect gives rise significant anti-inflammatory anti-thrombotic activities, evidenced reduced decreased blood. (4) Conclusions: study first identify FG oligosaccharide inhibitor TLR2/TLR1, demonstrating potential

Language: Английский

---

Activation of toll-like receptor 2 promotes the expression of inflammatory mediators and cell proliferation of human polycystic kidney disease cells

Cellular Signalling, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 111749 - 111749

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Toll-like Receptor Type 2 and 13 Gene Expression and Immune Cell Profiles in Diploid and Triploid Sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus): Insights into Immune Competence in Polyploid Fish

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(9), P. 3986 - 3986

Published: April 23, 2025

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system in fish, responsible for recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), an endangered sturgeon species valued its meat caviar, is a promising model studying effects polyploidy on gene regulation. This study examined expression receptor type 2 (TLR2) 13 (TLR13) heart, liver, gills, spleen, kidney diploid triploid healthy sterlets using real-time PCR. TLR2 TLR13 were expressed all tissues both diploids triploids. In diploids, was highest lowest liver (p < 0.05). Similarly, triploids, no significant tissue-specific variation TLR observed > Comparisons between revealed higher heart These findings supported by leukocyte analysis, which showed significantly lower percentage lymphocytes proportion neutrophils triploids compared to diploids. Additionally, thrombocytes elevated provides first report polyploid offering new insights into modulation associated with sturgeons.

Language: Английский

---