Cytokines in gingivitis and periodontitis: from pathogenesis to therapeutic targets

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Aug. 26, 2024

Chronic inflammatory processes in the oral mucosa and periodontitis are common disorders caused by microflora microbial biofilms. These factors activate both innate adaptive immune systems, leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines known play a crucial role pathogenesis gingivitis have been proposed as biomarkers for diagnosis follow-up these diseases. They can stromal cells, local inflammation tissue damage. This damage include destruction periodontal ligaments, gingiva, alveolar bone. Studies reported increased levels cytokines, such interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, patients with periodontitis. In experimental models periodontitis, TNF IL-23/IL-17 axis pivotal disease pathogenesis. Inactivation pathways through neutralizing antibodies, genetic engineering or IL-10 function has demonstrated reduce activity. review discusses cytokines particular emphasis on their mediating destruction. It also explores new therapeutic interventions that offer potential research clinical therapy chronic

Language: Английский

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Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Periodontium—Vital in Tissue Turnover and Unfortunate in Periodontitis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(5), P. 2763 - 2763

Published: Feb. 27, 2024

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex non-cellular three-dimensional macromolecular network present within all tissues and organs, forming the foundation on which cells sit, composed of proteins (such as collagen), glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, minerals, water. ECM provides fundamental framework for cellular constituents tissue biochemical support to surrounding cells. highly dynamic structure that constantly being remodeled. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are among most important proteolytic enzymes capable degrading molecules. MMPs play relevant role in physiological well pathological processes; participate embryogenesis, morphogenesis, wound healing, remodeling, therefore, their impaired activity may result several problems. MMP also associated with chronic inflammation, breakdown, fibrosis, cancer invasion metastasis. periodontium unique anatomical site, variety connective tissues, created by ECM. During periodontitis, inflammation affecting periodontium, increased presence observed, resulting irreversible losses periodontal tissues. expression be controlled various ways, one inhibition an endogenous group inhibitors (TIMPs), reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein Kazal motifs (RECK).

Language: Английский

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Nanoparticles in Periodontitis Therapy: A Review of the Current Situation

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: Volume 19, P. 6857 - 6893

Published: July 1, 2024

Periodontitis is a disease of inflammation that affects the tissues supporting periodontium. It triggered by an immunological reaction gums to plaque, which leads destruction periodontal attachment structures. one most commonly recognized dental disorders in world and major factor loss adult teeth. Scaling root planing remain crucial for managing patients with persistent periodontitis. Nevertheless, exclusive reliance on mechanical interventions like surgery, extractions, planning insufficient halt progression In response problem bacterial resistance, some researchers are committed finding alternative therapies antibiotics. addition, scholars focus new materials provide powerful microenvironment tissue regeneration promote osteogenic repair. Nanoparticles possess distinct therapeutic qualities, including exceptional antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties, immunomodulatory capacities, promotion bone ability, made them can be used treatment However, there many problems limit clinical translation nanoparticles, such as toxic accumulation cells, poor correlation between vitro vivo, animal-to-human transmissibility. this paper, we review present researches nanoparticles periodontitis from perspective three main categories: inorganic organic nanocomposites (including nanofibers, hydrogels, membranes). The aim comprehensive recent update nanoparticles-based conclusion section summarizes opportunities challenges design

Language: Английский

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Periodontitis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Journal of Inflammation Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: Volume 18, P. 115 - 126

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract: Diabetic periodontitis is a common oral complication of diabetes characterized by progressive destruction periodontal tissues. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression this condition. This review aims to systematically summarize potential mechanisms diabetic periodontitis. We first explore relationship between dysfunction, then analyze specific manifestations periodontitis, including morphological changes, energy metabolism disorders, increased oxidative stress, enhanced apoptosis. further delve into connections pathogenic such as exacerbated inflammatory responses, decreased tissue repair capacity, autophagy dysregulation. Finally, we discuss therapeutic targets based on function, antioxidant strategies, mitochondria-targeted drugs, regulators. also propose future research directions, emphasizing need for in-depth exploration molecular mechanisms, development new diagnostic markers personalized treatment approaches. provides insights understanding offers theoretical basis developing targeted prevention strategies improve health patients. Keywords: inflammation,

Language: Английский

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DNA Methylation in Periodontal Disease: A Focus on Folate, Folic Acid, Mitochondria, and Dietary Intervention

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(7), P. 3225 - 3225

Published: March 30, 2025

Although periodontal disease (PD) is reported to be associated with changes in various genes and proteins both invading bacteria the host, its molecular mechanism of pathogenesis remains unclear. Changes immune inflammatory play a significant role PD pathogenesis. Some reports relate alterations cellular epigenetic patterns characteristics, while several high-throughput analyses indicate thousands differentially methylated patients controls. Furthermore, DNA methylation inflammation-related have been linked efficacy therapy, as demonstrated by findings related cytochrome C oxidase II gene. Distinct mesenchymal stem cells from controls persisted despite reversal phenotypic PD. Methyl groups for are supplied S-adenosylmethionine, which synthesized involvement folate, an essential nutrient known maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, compromised Folate may benefit through antioxidant action against reactive oxygen nitrogen species that overproduced dysfunctional mitochondria. As such, methylation, dietary quality control interact In this narrative/hypothesis review, we demonstrate how may, turn, improved potentially altering nucleus Therefore, folate-based intervention recommended prevention adjunct therapy. At same time, further research needed on mechanisms beneficial effects folate studies.

Language: Английский

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Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Different Pathophysiological Conditions 4.0

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(7), P. 3396 - 3396

Published: April 5, 2025

Mitochondria are complex and multifunctional intracellular organelles involved in many aspects of cellular life, with a primary role energy production via oxidative phosphorylation process [...].

Language: Английский

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Injectable Thermosensitive Gel Loaded Salvianolic Acid B Alleviates Periodontitis by Down‐Regulating Oxidative Stress and Protecting Mitochondrial Function

Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 36(5)

Published: May 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Periodontitis is an immune‐reactive disease characterized by excessive inflammation and oxidative stress (OS). Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) a component isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza , known for its strong anti‐inflammatory antioxidant effects. Our study examined beneficial effects Sal on OS mitochondrial function (MF) in periodontitis, as well potential mechanisms. In vitro experiments demonstrated that can reduce inflammatory response periodontal tissue cells eliminate products such reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, enhances membrane (MMP) increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. We designed methacryloylated glycol chitosan/β‐glycerophosphate composite hydrogel (MAGC/β‐GP Gel) localized delivery B. B@MAGC/β‐GP gel stable exhibits good thermal sensitivity, allowing continuous release pocket. Results mouse model periodontitis showed significantly reduces alveolar bone absorption, eliminates ROS, MMP levels, alleviates inflammation. Overall, this demonstrates has therapeutic agent novel material expected to be used intrapocket injections clinical settings.

Language: Английский

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Gingival crevicular fluid Bax, Bcl‐xl, interleukin‐22, and transforming growth factor beta 1 levels in stage III periodontitis

Journal of Periodontology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 18, 2024

Abstract Background Intrinsic apoptosis plays a critical role in immune defense and inflammation. Its dysregulation is involved various chronic diseases. The B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) family primarily mediates this mitochondrial pathway. This study aimed to investigate the proapoptotic Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (Bax) antiapoptotic lymphoma‐extra large (Bcl‐xl) levels their association with interleukin‐22 (IL‐22) transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients periodontitis. Methods A total 75 systemically healthy nonsmokers were enrolled, whom 23 had stage III periodontitis, 26 gingivitis, periodontally healthy. Whole‐mouth clinical periodontal measurements recorded. Bax, Bcl‐xl, IL‐22, TGF‐β1 GCF determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data analyzed using nonparametric statistical tests. Results periodontitis group significantly lower Bax than gingivitis ( p < 0.05). groups higher Bcl‐xl IL‐22 similar all > diseased Bax/Bcl‐xl ratio controls was positively correlated Conclusions first investigating health disease. Increased decreased implicate that those apoptotic proteins may be pathogenesis Further studies are needed enlighten possible Plain language summary type cell death called intrinsic an important body's system, its linked different human 2‐associated apoptosis‐related proteins, which promote inhibit death, respectively. signaling (GCF), accumulates around necks teeth suffering from gum diseases such as Clinical parameters recorded collected. measured biochemical individuals who gums n = 26) 23) 26). Periodontitis patients. individuals. Bax. present findings suggest regulatory molecules development diseases, highlighting need for further research area.

Language: Английский

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The Association Between Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA), Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 24 - 24

Published: Dec. 25, 2024

Background/Objectives: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by bacteria in dental plaque that can activate the host’s immune-inflammatory response and invade bloodstream. We hypothesized a higher periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) associated with levels of biomarkers, lower antioxidants, mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn). Methods: Using parameters, we calculated PISA score, measured biomarkers antioxidants serum, took buccal swabs for mtDNA nuclear (nDNA) extraction. Results: Higher was CRP levels, leukocyte, neutrophil, erythrocyte counts, magnesium-to-calcium ratio, but not mtDNAcn. A deep pockets leukocytes neutrophil counts uric acid levels. Conclusions: The score might be appropriate parameter to assess burden periodontitis, dysfunction after isolation from swabs.

Language: Английский

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Genetic predisposition to periodontal disease: A review

Genetika, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 56(3), P. 517 - 534

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Periodontal disease is a complex, multifactorial and the predisposition to its occurrence genetically determined. A multitude of research projects on genotyping patients controls in search putative genetic risk factors has been performed. The however also dependent presence environmental lifestyle factors, their interaction with various genes. Many candidate genes have proposed studied relation periodontitis. Most code for proteins that play role innate immune system. Both, IL-1 TNF-a an important development periodontal disease. Till today there no strong evidence target gene polymorphisms key susceptibility severity

Language: Английский

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