Alzheimer’s Disease as Type 3 Diabetes: Understanding the Link and Implications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(22), P. 11955 - 11955

Published: Nov. 7, 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two prevalent conditions that present considerable public health issue in aging populations worldwide. Recent research has proposed a novel conceptualization of AD as "type 3 diabetes", highlighting the critical roles insulin resistance impaired glucose metabolism pathogenesis disease. This article examines implications this association, exploring potential new avenues for treatment preventive strategies AD. Key evidence linking to emphasizes metabolic processes contribute neurodegeneration, including inflammation, oxidative stress, alterations signaling pathways. By framing within context, we can enhance our understanding its etiology, which turn may influence early diagnosis, plans, measures. Understanding manifestation opens up possibility employing therapeutic incorporate lifestyle modifications use antidiabetic medications mitigate cognitive decline. integrated approach improve patient outcomes deepen comprehension intricate relationship between neurodegenerative diseases disorders.

Language: Английский

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Stimuli‐Responsive Nano Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

Small, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 21(9)

Published: Jan. 22, 2025

Abstract Nanomaterials with unparalleled physical and chemical attributes have become a cornerstone in the field of nanomedicine delivery. These materials can be engineered into various functionalized nanocarriers, which focus research. Stimulus‐responsive nanodrug delivery systems (SRDDS) stand out as sophisticated class nanocarriers that release drugs response to environmental cues. Due complex pathogenesis multifaceted pathological environment nervous system, developing accurate effective drug therapy low side‐effects is formidable task. In recent years, SRDDS been widely used treatment neurological diseases. By customizing align specific microenvironment system tissues or external stimulation, efficacy enhanced. This review provides an in‐depth look at characteristics diseases highlights case studies tailored treat these disorders based on unique stimulation criteria triggers. Additionally, this comprehensive overview progress future prospects technology diseases, providing valuable guidance for its transition from fundamental research clinical application.

Language: Английский

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Retinal physiology in metabolic syndrome

Advances in genetics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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The interleukin gene landscape: understanding its influence on inflammatory mechanisms in apical periodontitis

Molecular Biology Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 52(1)

Published: April 7, 2025

Language: Английский

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Genetic risk for neurodegenerative conditions is linked to disease-specific microglial pathways

PLoS Genetics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. e1011407 - e1011407

Published: April 9, 2025

Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of common variants associated with an increased risk neurodegenerative disorders. However, the noncoding localization these has made assignment target genes for brain cell types challenging. Genomic approaches that infer chromosomal 3D architecture can link and distal gene regulatory elements such as enhancers to promoters. By using enhancer-to-promoter interactome maps human microglia, neurons, oligodendrocytes, we cell-type-specific enrichment genetic heritability disorders through stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression. Our analysis suggests multiple is enriched at microglial chromatin contact sites, while schizophrenia predominantly sites in neurons followed by oligodendrocytes. Through Hi-C coupled multimarker genomic annotation (H-MAGMA), disease Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis schizophrenia. We found disease-risk were overrepresented microglia compared other across conditions within Notably, pathways largely specific each disease. findings reinforce important, genetically informed type therapeutic interventions highlight potentially targetable disease-relevant pathways.

Language: Английский

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Epigenetic Explorations of Neurological Disorders, the Identification Methods, and Therapeutic Avenues

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(21), P. 11658 - 11658

Published: Oct. 30, 2024

Neurodegenerative disorders are major health concerns globally, especially in aging societies. The exploration of brain epigenomes, which consist multiple forms DNA methylation and covalent histone modifications, offers new unanticipated perspective into the mechanisms neurodegenerative diseases. Initially, chromatin defects were thought to be static abnormalities from early development associated with rare genetic syndromes. However, it is now evident that mutations dysregulation epigenetic machinery extend across a broader spectrum, encompassing adult-onset Hence, crucial develop methodologies can enhance research. Several approaches have been created investigate alterations epigenetics on spectrum scales-ranging low high-with particular focus detecting modifications. This article explores burgeoning realm neuroepigenetics, emphasizing its role enhancing our mechanistic comprehension elucidating predominant techniques employed for modifications epigenome. Additionally, we ponder potential influence these advancements shaping future therapeutic approaches.

Language: Английский

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Genetic Alterations in a Large Population of Italian Patients Affected by Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Genes, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 427 - 427

Published: March 28, 2024

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of complex multifactorial characterized by cognitive impairment, communication deficits, abnormal behaviour, and/or motor skills resulting from neural development. Copy number variants (CNVs) genetic alterations often associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. We evaluated the diagnostic efficacy array-comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) method and its relevance as routine test in patients for identification molecular underlying or contributing to clinical manifestations. In present study, we analysed 1800 subjects using CGH microarray. identified 208 (7%) pathogenetic CNVs, 2202 (78%) uncertain significance (VOUS), 504 (18%) benign CNVs analysed. Some contain genes potentially related including CHRNA7, ANKS1B, ANKRD11, RBFOX1, ASTN2, GABRG3, SHANK2, KIF1A SETBP1, SNTG2, CTNNA2, TOP3B, CNTN4, CNTN5, CNTN6. The interesting significant neurological a-CGH is therefore an essential step procedure, allowing better understanding both pathophysiology these mechanisms their

Language: Английский

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Genetic risk for neurodegenerative conditions is linked to disease-specific microglial pathways

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 30, 2024

Abstract Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of common variants associated with an increased risk neurodegenerative disorders. However, the noncoding localization these has made assignment target genes for brain cell types challenging. Genomic approaches that infer chromosomal 3D architecture can link and distal gene regulatory elements such as enhancers to promoters. By using enhancer-to-promoter interactome maps microglia, neurons, oligodendrocytes, we cell-type-specific enrichment genetic heritability disorders through stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression. Our analysis suggests multiple is enriched at microglial chromatin contact sites. Through Hi-C coupled multimarker genomic annotation (H-MAGMA) disease Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s sclerosis amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We found disease-risk were overrepresented in microglia compared other across conditions. Notably, pathways largely specific each disease. findings reinforce important, genetically informed type therapeutic interventions conditions highlight potentially targetable disease-relevant pathways.

Language: Английский

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Evaluation of orphan maintained biological medicinal products in the European Union between 2018 to 2023: a regulatory perspective

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 25, 2024

Orphan medicinal products (OMPs) authorized in the European Union (EU) benefit from market exclusivity, fee waivers, and national incentives. Maintaining orphan status during marketing authorization application (MAA) requires meeting eligibility criteria, especially demonstrating significant (SB), which is challenging. This study identifies key features linked to successful maintenance for biological OMPs approved EU between 2018 2023.

Language: Английский

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Potentially damaging variants’ analysis in autism subgroups uncovers early brain-expressed gene modules relevant to autism pathophysiology

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 3, 2024

Background Understanding the functional implications of genes’ variants related to autism heterogeneity represents a crucial challenge. Gene set analysis examines combined effect multiple genes with convergent biological functions. Here we explored whether multi-step could identify gene sets relevant subtyping in terms different loads possibly damaging (PDVs) among two subgroups autistic children. Methods After subdividing our sample 71 children (3-12 years) higher (>80; n=43) and lower (≤80; n=28) intelligence quotient (IQ), variant enrichment identified significantly incidence PDVs between subgroups. Significant were then clustered into modules genes. Their brain expression was investigated according BrainSpan Atlas Developing Human Brain. Next, extended each module by selecting that spatio-temporally co-expressed developing physically interacting those modules. Last, susceptibility within original Results Our 38 significant (FDR, q<0.05), which four involved ion cell communication, neurocognition, gastrointestinal function, immune system. Those highly expressed specific structures across developmental stages. Spatio-temporal co-expression development physical protein interactions clusters where found an over-representation Limitations The size this work is limited. also limited disease-associated subsection exome. Conclusions unbiased approach functionally pathophysiology relatively small participants, providing evidence their implication phenotypic differences findings interconnections suggest diversity likely originates from pathways. Future research leverage present genetic pathways subtyping.

Language: Английский

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