Recent advances in the management of knee osteoarthritis: a narrative review

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Jan. 21, 2025

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition that causes pain and reduces the quality of life for many people. It also leads to high health financial costs. Managing knee OA requires using different methods together best results. This review overviews current therapeutic options pain, focusing on their efficacy, safety, potential roles in clinical practice. Topical treatments, such as NSAIDs capsaicin, offer significant relief with minimal systemic side effects are suitable initial therapy, nonpharmacologic interventions like exercise and, when relevant, weight loss. Oral analgesics, including acetaminophen opioids, have limited efficacy serious effects, making them appropriate only short-term or rescue therapy. Intra-articular injections, corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, platelet rich plasma, demonstrate varying levels safety. Nutritional supplements, curcumin, Boswellia serrata , glucosaminechondroitin combinations, modest benefits used adjuncts standart treatment. Nonpharmacological transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), acupuncture, local heat provide variable should be customized based individual patient responses. Targeted biologic agents, antibodies TNF-α, IL-1, NGF, hold promise more precise relief; however, further research required establish routine use. Treating personalized, combining several methods. Research must continue improve treatments make safer.

Language: Английский

---

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Insights and Therapeutic Potential

Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 226 - 226

Published: Sept. 23, 2024

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of various serum autoantibodies and multi-system effects, predominantly affecting young female patients. The pathogenesis SLE involves combination genetic factors, environmental triggers, pathogen invasions that disrupt immune cell activation, leading to release chronic inflammation. Mitochondria, as primary cellular powerhouses, play crucial role in development through their control energy generation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptotic pathways. Dysregulation mitochondrial structure function can contribute dysregulation, oxidative stress, inflammation seen SLE. Recent research has highlighted impact dysfunction on cells involved pathogenesis, such T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, neutrophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Mitochondrial these leads increased ROS disrupted mitophagy, alterations metabolism, contributing dysregulation Moreover, variations DNA (mtDNA) abnormalities dynamics have been linked SLE, exacerbating stress abnormalities. Targeting emerged promising therapeutic approach for Drugs sirolimus, N-acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q10, metformin shown potential restoring homeostasis, reducing modulating responses These agents demonstrated efficacy preclinical models clinical studies improving disease activity, autoantibody titers, ameliorating organ damage In conclusion, this review underscores critical mitochondria targeting novel strategy outcomes Further investigation into mechanisms underlying involvement targeted therapies hold promise advancing treatment enhancing patient care.

Language: Английский

---

Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(12), P. 1938 - 1938

Published: Dec. 18, 2024

Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic medication, has emerged as promising broad-spectrum antiviral agent due to its ability modulate cellular pathways essential for viral replication. By activating AMPK, metformin depletes energy reserves that viruses rely on, effectively limiting the replication of pathogens such influenza, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, HBV, and HCV. Its role in inhibiting mTOR pathway, crucial protein synthesis reactivation, is particularly significant managing infections caused by CMV, EBV. Furthermore, reduces oxidative stress reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are critical replicating arboviruses Zika dengue. The drug also regulates immune responses, differentiation, inflammation, disrupting life cycle HPV potentially other viruses. These diverse mechanisms suppress replication, enhance system functionality, contribute better clinical outcomes. This multifaceted approach highlights metformin’s potential an adjunctive therapy treating wide range infections.

Language: Английский

---

The inflammatory bowel disease and gut microbiome are restored by employing metformin-loaded alginate-shelled microcapsules

Journal of Controlled Release, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 378, P. 490 - 502

Published: Dec. 24, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Metabolic Side Effects from Antipsychotic Treatment with Clozapine Linked to Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Activation

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(10), P. 2294 - 2294

Published: Oct. 10, 2024

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the most common adverse drug reaction from psychiatric pharmacotherapy. Neuroreceptor blockade by antipsychotic clozapine induces MetS in about 30% of patients. Similar to insulin resistance, impedes Akt kinase activation, leading intracellular glucose and glutathione depletion. Additional cystine shortage triggers tryptophan degradation kynurenine, which a well-known AhR ligand. Ligand-bound downregulates iron pool, thereby increasing risk mitochondrial dysfunction. Scavenging stabilizes transcription factor HIF-1, shifts metabolism toward transient glycolysis. Furthermore, inhibits AMPK obesity liver steatosis. Increasing uptake activation prevents dyslipidemia damage and, therefore, reduces MetS. In line with vitro results, feeding experiments rats revealed disturbed glucose-/lipid-/iron-metabolism treatment hyperglycemia hepatic deposits female steatosis anemia male animals. Decreased energy expenditure seems be cause fast weight gain first weeks treatment. patients, this due neuroleptic correlates an improvement psychotic syndromes can even used anticipate therapeutic effect

Language: Английский

---

Metformin: Beyond Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Cureus, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 17, 2024

Metformin was developed from an offshoot of Guanidine. It is known to be the first-line medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and weight reduction. has also been shown have effectiveness in management non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, various carcinomas like hepatocellular, colorectal, prostate, breast, urinary bladder, blood, melanoma, bone, skin, lung so on. This narrative review focuses on effect metformin disease, hepatocellular carcinoma. The search platforms topic were PubMed, Scopus, Google engine. Critical words searching included 'Metformin,' AND 'Indications Metformin,' 'Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,' 'Metformin mechanism action,' 'NAFLD management,' inflammation,' insulin,' 'Liver cirrhosis,' 'Hepatocellular carcinoma.' Lifestyle modification use hypoglycemic agents can help improve conditions. several mechanisms that enhance health, including reducing reactive oxygen species, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), enzymes, improving insulin sensitivity, hepatic cell lipophagy. Long-term may cause some adverse effects lactic acidosis gastrointestinal disturbance. long-term overdose lead a rise hydrogen sulfide cells, which calls pharmacovigilance. Drug regulating authorities should provide approval further research, national international guidelines need diseases, perhaps with inclusion as part regime.

Language: Английский

---

Effect of metformin on the neuronal morphology of frontal cortex and hippocampal regions in lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats

Translational Research in Anatomy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38, P. 100365 - 100365

Published: Nov. 12, 2024

Language: Английский

---

An Updated Review on Repurposing of Metformin

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(4), P. 344 - 351

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

A BSTRACT Even with the swift progress in scientific understanding of various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, there remains a need for effective new treatments. Now, other drug development strategies, repurposing existing medicines to treat which will save time money, are being investigated. Since metformin is one most used drugs worldwide it investigated uses, therefore, this review potential uses beyond its established use diabetes highlighted several polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), weight reduction, lowering plasma lipids, delaying aging process, possible role reducing mortality pandemic COVID-19. An extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed Google Scholar databases identify relevant literature.

Language: Английский

---