Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
12(6), P. 57 - 72
Published: Dec. 31, 2024
Background:
In
Parkinson's
disease
(PD),
a
complicated
neurodegenerative
ailment,
neurons
in
the
substantia
nigra
that
produce
dopamine
are
lost,
resulting
an
insufficiency
of
neurotransmitter
is
essential
for
regulation
voluntary
and
smooth
muscular
movements.
This
review
focuses
on
obstacle
triggering
effectiveness
traditional
PD
treatments,
which
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB),
prevents
some
therapeutic
medicines
from
reaching
brain.
It
encompasses
potential
strategy
nose-to-brain
administration
by
innovative
approaches,
including
nanoparticles,
liposomes,
dendrimers,
cell-based
carriers,
directly
delivering
drugs
nose
to
Methods:
The
methodology
involved
examining
characteristics,
advantages,
applications,
challenges
various
nanoparticles
like
SLNs,
Nanoliposomes,
Quantum
dots,
etc.,
through
meticulous
analysis
articles
PubMed
(5),
ScienceDirect
Bentham
Science
(4)
Scopus
databases
(5).
Conclusion:
concludes
emphasizing
applications
circumventing
problems
encountered
with
methods
drug
treating
PD.
detailed
study
brings
light
need
be
faced
utilizing
delivery.
Attention
directed
towards
enlightenment
advanced
carriers
target
specific
brain
regions
via
olfactory
trigeminal
routes.
reaches
brain,
bypassing
BBB.
Frontiers in Medicine,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: Jan. 22, 2025
Parkinson’s
disease
is
a
progressive
neurodegenerative
that
destroys
substantia
nigra
dopaminergic
neurons,
causing
tremors,
bradykinesia,
rigidity,
and
postural
instability.
Current
treatment
approaches
primarily
focus
on
symptom
management,
employing
pharmacological,
non-pharmacological,
surgical
methods.
However,
these
treatments
often
result
in
fluctuating
symptoms,
side
effects,
progression.
Here,
the
authors
have
reviewed
emerging
field
of
nanomedicine
as
promising
path
for
treatment,
emphasizing
its
potential
to
overcome
limitations
traditional
therapies.
Nanomedicine
utilizes
nanoparticles
targeted
drug
delivery,
leveraging
their
small
size
high
surface
area
volume
ratio
cross
blood-brain
barrier
deliver
therapeutic
agents
directly
affected
brain
regions.
Various
nanoparticles,
including
lipid-based,
polymeric,
metallic,
carbon-based,
shown
treatment.
Additionally,
nanocarrier
systems
like
liposomes,
nanogels,
dendrimers,
solid
lipid
offer
controlled
sustained
release
agents,
enhancing
bioavailability
reducing
effects.
This
review
provides
insights
into
pathophysiology
disease,
highlighting
mechanisms
neurodegeneration,
role
alpha-synuclein,
disruption
pathways.
It
further
discusses
application
gene
therapy
conjunction
with
interventions.
Antioxidants,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(9), P. 1062 - 1062
Published: Aug. 30, 2024
Neurodegenerative
diseases
encompass
a
spectrum
of
disorders
marked
by
the
progressive
degeneration
structure
and
function
nervous
system.
These
conditions,
including
Parkinson's
disease
(PD),
Alzheimer's
(AD),
Huntington's
(HD),
Amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis
(ALS),
Multiple
(MS),
often
lead
to
severe
cognitive
motor
deficits.
A
critical
component
neurodegenerative
pathologies
is
imbalance
between
pro-oxidant
antioxidant
mechanisms,
culminating
in
oxidative
stress.
The
brain's
high
oxygen
consumption
lipid-rich
environment
make
it
particularly
vulnerable
damage.
Pro-oxidants
such
as
reactive
nitrogen
species
(RNS)
(ROS)
are
continuously
generated
during
normal
metabolism,
counteracted
enzymatic
non-enzymatic
defenses.
In
diseases,
this
balance
disrupted,
leading
neuronal
This
systematic
review
explores
roles
stress,
gut
microbiota,
epigenetic
modifications
aiming
elucidate
interplay
these
factors
identify
potential
therapeutic
strategies.
We
conducted
comprehensive
search
articles
published
2024
across
major
databases,
focusing
on
studies
examining
relationships
redox
homeostasis,
changes
neurodegeneration.
total
161
were
included,
comprising
clinical
trials,
observational
studies,
experimental
research.
Our
findings
reveal
that
stress
plays
central
role
pathogenesis
with
microbiota
composition
significantly
influencing
balance.
Specific
bacterial
taxa
markers
identified
modulators
suggesting
novel
avenues
for
intervention.
Moreover,
recent
evidence
from
human
animal
supports
emerging
concept
targeting
homeostasis
through
therapies.
Future
research
should
focus
validating
targets
settings
exploring
personalized
medicine
strategies
based
individual
profiles.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(22), P. 12379 - 12379
Published: Nov. 18, 2024
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
a
progressive
neurological
that
causes
both
motor
and
nonmotor
symptoms.
While
our
understanding
of
putative
mechanisms
has
advanced
significantly,
it
remains
challenging
to
verify
biomarkers
with
sufficient
evidence
for
regular
clinical
use.
Clinical
symptoms
are
the
primary
basis
diagnosing
disease,
which
can
be
mild
in
early
stages
overlap
other
disorders.
As
result,
testing
medical
records
mostly
relied
upon
diagnosis,
posing
substantial
challenges
during
initial
diagnosis
continuous
monitoring.
Recent
biochemical,
neuroimaging,
genetic
have
helped
us
understand
pathophysiology
disease.
This
comprehensive
study
focuses
on
these
biomarkers,
were
chosen
based
their
relevance,
methodological
excellence,
contribution
field.
Biochemical
including
α-synuclein
glial
fibrillary
acidic
protein
(GFAP),
predict
severity
progression.
The
dopaminergic
system
widely
used
as
neuroimaging
biomarker
diagnose
PD.
Numerous
genes
genome
wide
association
(GWAS)
sites
been
related
development
research
SNCA
gene
leucine-rich
repeat
kinase
2
(LRRK2)
shown
promising
results.
By
evaluating
current
studies,
this
review
intends
uncover
gaps
validation
use,
while
also
highlighting
improvements.
It
emphasizes
need
dependable
reproducible
indicators
improving
PD
prognosis.
These
may
open
up
new
avenues
progression
tracking,
personalized
treatment
programs.
