Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Innate Immune System

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(2), P. 1526 - 1526

Published: Jan. 12, 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a heterogeneous state of chronic intestinal inflammation with no exact known cause. Intestinal innate immunity enacted by neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), lymphoid NK cells, characterized their capacity to produce rapid nonspecific reaction as first-line response. Innate immune (IIC) defend against pathogens excessive entry microorganisms, while preserving tolerance resident microbiota. Changes this equilibrium are linked in the gut IBD. IICs mediate host defense responses, inflammation, tissue healing producing cytokines chemokines, activating complement cascade phagocytosis, or presenting antigens activate adaptive exert important functions that promote ameliorate cellular molecular mechanisms underlie sustain A comprehensive understanding underlying these clinical manifestations will be for developing therapies targeting system IBD patients. This review examines complex roles interactions among IICs, other non-immune homeostasis pathological conditions.

Language: Английский

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Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease—Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(7), P. 6518 - 6518

Published: March 30, 2023

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed cases senile dementia in world. It an incurable process, often leading to death. This multifactorial, and factor this inflammation. Numerous mediators secreted by inflammatory cells can cause neuronal degeneration. Neuritis may coexist with other mechanisms disease, contributing progression, also directly underlie AD. Although much has been established about processes pathogenesis AD, many aspects remain unexplained. The work devoted particular pathomechanism inflammation its role diagnosis treatment. An in-depth detailed understanding neuroinflammation help development diagnostic methods for early contribute new therapeutic strategies disease.

Language: Английский

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CD4 T-Cell Subsets and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 2696 - 2696

Published: Jan. 31, 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for the chronic immune-mediated idiopathic inflammation of gastrointestinal tract, manifesting as Crohn's (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD characterized by exacerbated innate and adaptive immunity in gut association with microbiota dysbiosis disruption intestinal barrier, resulting increased bacterial exposure. In response to signals from microorganisms damaged tissue, immune cells produce inflammatory cytokines factors that stimulate T B system, a prominent characteristic patients accumulation T-cells their proinflammatory-associated tissue. Upon antigen recognition activation, CD4 differentiate towards range distinct phenotypes: helper(h)1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, follicular helper (Tfh), several types T-regulatory (Treg). are generated according adapt microenvironmental conditions participate complex network interactions among other modulate further progression IBD. This review examines role most relevant IBD, highlighting how these environment interact cell populations promote inhibit development

Language: Английский

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Study of tumor necrosis factor receptor in the inflammatory bowel disease

World Journal of Gastroenterology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 29(18), P. 2733 - 2746

Published: May 10, 2023

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are part of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) have pathophysiological processes such as bowel necrosis enteric neurons glial cells. In addition, the main inflammatory mediator is related to tumor factor-alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α a me-diator intestinal processes, thus being one cytokines involved in pathogenesis IBD, however, its levels, when measured, present serum patients with IBD. plays an important role promoting inflammation, production interleukins (IL), for instance IL-1β IL-6. There two receptors TNF following: The factor 1 receptor (TNFR1); 2 (TNFR2). They IBD their been detected expression correlated activity. soluble form binds TNFR1 with, activation results signaling cascade effects apoptosis, cell proliferation cytokine secretion. contrast, transmembrane can bind both TNFR2. Recent studies suggested that pro-inflammatory since levels UC CD. Intravenous subcutaneous biologics targeting revolutionized treatment becoming best available agents induce maintain remission. application antibodies aimed at neutralizing satisfactory clinical response up 60% patients, also induced long-term maintenance remission most patients. It has anti-TNF-α inactivate by direct neutralization, i.e., resulting suppression inflammation. However, perform more complex functions than simple blockade.

Language: Английский

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Cuproptosis: molecular mechanisms, cancer prognosis, and therapeutic applications

Journal of Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Jan. 22, 2025

Cuproptosis differs from other forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, in its unique molecular mechanisms signaling pathways. In this review, we delve into the cellular metabolic pathways copper, highlighting role copper biomolecule synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant defense. Furthermore, elucidate relationship between cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) cancer prognosis, analyzing their expression patterns across various tumor types impact on patient outcomes. Our review also uncovers potential therapeutic applications chelators, ionophores, copper-based nanomaterials oncology. addition, discuss emerging cuproptosis remodeling microenvironment, enhancing immune infiltration, converting "cold tumors" "hot that respond better to immunotherapy. short, underscores pivotal importance biology highlights translational a novel target.

Language: Английский

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ProbioticEscherichia coliNISSLE 1917 for inflammatory bowel disease applications

Food & Function, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13(11), P. 5914 - 5924

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917 (EcN) is a Gram-negative strain with many prominent probiotic properties in the treatment of intestinal diseases such as diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particular ulcerative colitis. EcN not only exhibits antagonistic effects on variety pathogenic bacteria, but also regulates secretion immune factors vivo enhances ability host immunity. In this review, mechanisms remission are proposed recent advances functionalized compiled to provide novel therapeutic strategies for prevention IBD.

Language: Английский

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Ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for inflammation-related intestinal diseases

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Jan. 13, 2023

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed cell death characterized by reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation and resultant membrane damage. Recent research has elucidated the mechanism of ferroptosis investigated relationship between various diseases, including degenerative cancer, inflammation. associated with inflammation-related intestinal diseases such as colitis colitis-associated cancer. New insights into role in pathogenesis gut have suggested novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize current information on molecular mechanisms describe its emerging potential diseases.

Language: Английский

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Inflammation, Autoinflammation and Autoimmunity in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Current Issues in Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 45(7), P. 5534 - 5557

Published: June 30, 2023

In this review, the role of innate and adaptive immunity in pathogenesis inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is reported. IBD, an altered often found, with increased Th17 decreased Treg cells infiltrating intestinal mucosa. An associated increase cytokines, such as IL-1 TNF-α, a decrease anti-inflammatory IL-10, concur favoring persistent inflammation gut Autoinflammation highlighted insights inflammasomes, which activation by exogenous or endogenous triggers might be favored mutations NOD NLRP proteins. Autoimmunity mechanisms also take place IBD context immune stimulation bacterial antigens derived from degradation, response takes results antibodies autoantibodies production, frequent finding these diseases. Inflammation, autoinflammation autoimmunity altering mucus layer enhancing permeability, sustains vicious cycle further mucosal inflammation.

Language: Английский

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Mechanistic insights into the role of probiotics in modulating immune cells in ulcerative colitis

Immunity Inflammation and Disease, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(10)

Published: Oct. 1, 2023

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a persistent inflammatory disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract, mainly colon, which defined by responses and formation of ulcers. Probiotics have been shown to directly impact various immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) T B cells. By interacting with cell surface receptors, they regulate activity, produce metabolites influence responses, control release cytokines chemokines.

Language: Английский

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A Narrative Review of Cytokine Networks: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(12), P. 3229 - 3229

Published: Dec. 6, 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong inflammatory immune mediated disorder, encompassing Crohn's (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC); however, the cause specific pathogenesis of IBD yet incompletely understood. Multiple cytokines produced by different cell types results in complex functional networks that constitute highly regulated messaging network signaling pathways. Applying biological mechanisms underlying at single omic level, technologies genetic engineering enable quantification pattern released new insights into cytokine landscape IBD. We focus on existing literature dealing with biology pro- or anti-inflammatory interactions facilitate cell-based modulation system for inflammation. summarize main roles substantial related to homeostatic tissue functions remodeling IBD, which may be specifically valuable successful cytokine-targeted therapies via marketed products. Cytokines their receptors are validated targets multiple therapeutic areas, we review current strategies intervention developing therapies. New biologics have shown efficacy last few decades management IBD; unfortunately, many patients nonresponsive develop therapy resistance over time, creating need novel therapeutics. Thus, treatment options beyond immune-modifying anti-TNF agents combination expanding rapidly. Further studies needed fully understand response, cytokines, direct pathogenetic relevance regarding individually tailored, safe efficient targeted-biotherapeutics.

Language: Английский

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