Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications

Polymers, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(19), P. 3256 - 3256

Published: Sept. 24, 2021

Chitosan has garnered much interest due to its properties and possible applications. Every year the number of publications patents based on this polymer increase. exhibits poor solubility in neutral basic media, limiting use such conditions. Another serious obstacle is directly related natural origin. not a single with defined structure but family molecules differences their composition, size, monomer distribution. These have fundamental effect biological technological performance polymer. Moreover, some claimed are discrete. In review, we discuss how chitosan chemistry can solve problems boost properties. We focus main relationship physicochemical Then, review two applications green processes: synthesis metallic nanoparticles as support for biocatalysts. Finally, briefly describe making makes it develop variety systems drug delivery.

Language: Английский

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Chemical Basis of Reactive Oxygen Species Reactivity and Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 20(10), P. 2407 - 2407

Published: May 15, 2019

Increasing numbers of individuals suffer from neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by progressive loss neurons. Oxidative stress, in particular, the overproduction Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), play an important role development these as evidenced detection products lipid, protein and DNA oxidation vivo. Even if they participate cell signaling metabolism regulation, ROS also formidable weapons against most biological materials because their intrinsic nature. By nature too, neurons particularly sensitive to high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, weak antioxidant defense oxygen consumption. Thus, appears deleterious mechanisms involved oxidative degradation biomolecules numerous complexes. This review highlights production regulation ROS, chemical properties, both kinetic thermodynamic points view, links between them, implication diseases.

Language: Английский

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Anthocyanins: A Comprehensive Review of Their Chemical Properties and Health Effects on Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Molecules, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 25(17), P. 3809 - 3809

Published: Aug. 21, 2020

Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoids widely present in fruits and vegetables. Dietary sources anthocyanins include red purple berries, grapes, apples, plums, cabbage, or foods containing high levels natural colorants. Cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, pelargonidin the six common anthocyanidins. Following consumption, anthocyanin, absorption occurs along gastrointestinal tract, distal lower bowel being place where most metabolism occurs. In intestine, first undergo extensive microbial catabolism followed by human phase II metabolism. This produces hybrid microbial-human metabolites which absorbed subsequently increase bioavailability anthocyanins. Health benefits have been described, especially prevention diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that health-promoting effects attributed to may also be related modulation gut microbiota. this paper we attempt provide comprehensive view state-of-the-art literature on anthocyanins, summarizing findings their chemistry, biosynthesis, nutritional value health.

Language: Английский

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Amyloid Oligomers: A Joint Experimental/Computational Perspective on Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Type II Diabetes, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 121(4), P. 2545 - 2647

Published: Feb. 5, 2021

Protein misfolding and aggregation is observed in many amyloidogenic diseases affecting either the central nervous system or a variety of peripheral tissues. Structural dynamic characterization all species along pathways from monomers to fibrils challenging by experimental computational means because they involve intrinsically disordered proteins most diseases. Yet understanding how amyloid become toxic challenge developing treatment for these Here we review what computer, vitro, vivo, pharmacological experiments tell us about accumulation deposition oligomers (Aβ, tau), α-synuclein, IAPP, superoxide dismutase 1 proteins, which have been mainstream concept underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's (PD), type II diabetes (T2D), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research, respectively, years.

Language: Английский

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An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(11), P. 5938 - 5938

Published: May 25, 2022

Oxidative stress has been linked with a variety of diseases, being involved in the debut and/or progress several neurodegenerative disorders. This review intends to summarize some findings that correlate overproduction reactive oxygen species pathophysiology Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s Huntington’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. was also noted modify inflammatory response. Even though oxidative neuroinflammation are two totally different pathological events, they affect one another. Nonetheless, there still mechanisms need be understood regarding onset diseases order develop efficient therapies. As antioxidants means alter slow down symptoms these most common antioxidants, enzymatic as well non-enzymatic, have mentioned this paper therapeutic options for discussed

Language: Английский

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Emerging roles of oxidative stress in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease

Neurobiology of Aging, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 107, P. 86 - 95

Published: July 25, 2021

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are metabolic byproducts that necessary for physiological function but can be toxic at high levels. Levels of these oxidative stressors increase gradually throughout the lifespan, impairing mitochondrial and damaging all parts body, particularly central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests accumulated stress may one key mechanisms causing cognitive aging neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we synthesize current literature on effect neuronal dysfunction, DNA damage epigenetic changes related to AD. We further describe how therapeutics antioxidants, caloric restriction physical activity reduce oxidation prevent decline in brain Of currently available therapeutics, propose long term is most promising avenue improving health by reducing ROS while promoting low levels required optimal function.

Language: Английский

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis

Pharmacological Research, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 165, P. 105420 - 105420

Published: Jan. 12, 2021

Language: Английский

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Antimicrobial Peptides: A New Hope in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: June 14, 2021

Antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat pathogenic bacteria, but their prolonged use contributes the development and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance is a serious challenge has led need for new alternative molecules less prone bacterial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have aroused great interest as potential next-generation antibiotics, since they bioactive small proteins, naturally produced by all living organisms, representing first line defense against fungi, viruses bacteria. AMPs commonly classified according sources, which represented microorganisms, plants animals, well secondary structure, biosynthesis mechanism action. They find application in different fields such agriculture, food industry medicine, on we focused our attention this review. Particularly, examined AMP applicability wound healing, skin infections metabolic syndrome, considering ability act Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I pancreatic lipase inhibitory antioxidant peptides. Moreover, argued about pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic approaches develop drug strategies formulation be taken into account developing clinically suitable applications.

Language: Английский

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Biosorption and removal of toxic heavy metals by metal tolerating bacteria for bioremediation of metal contamination: A comprehensive review

Journal of environmental chemical engineering, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(1), P. 104686 - 104686

Published: Nov. 7, 2020

Language: Английский

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The Impact of Oxidative Stress in Human Pathology: Focus on Gastrointestinal Disorders

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10(2), P. 201 - 201

Published: Jan. 30, 2021

Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases. The imbalance between production reactive oxygen species (ROS) antioxidant systems has been extensively studied pulmonary, neurodegenerative cardiovascular disorders; however, its contribution is still debated gastrointestinal disorders. Evidence suggests affects motility obesity, post-infectious disorders by favoring smooth muscle phenotypic switch toward a synthetic phenotype. aim this review to gain insight into played pathologies (GIT), involvement ROS signaling underlying muscular alterations tract (GIT). In addition, potential therapeutic strategies based on use antioxidants for treatment inflammatory diseases are reviewed discussed. Although substantial progress made identifying new techniques capable assessing presence humans, biochemical-molecular mechanisms GIT mucosal not yet well defined. Therefore, further studies needed clarify through which stress-related can contribute alteration mucosa order devise effective preventive curative strategies.

Language: Английский

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