Molecules,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
28(15), P. 5850 - 5850
Published: Aug. 3, 2023
Enzymes
are
essential
catalysts
for
various
chemical
reactions
in
biological
systems
and
often
rely
on
metal
ions
or
cofactors
to
stabilize
their
structure
perform
functions.
Improving
enzyme
performance
has
always
been
an
important
direction
of
protein
engineering.
In
recent
years,
artificial
small
molecules
have
successfully
used
The
types
enzymatic
metabolic
pathways
cells
can
be
expanded
by
the
incorporation
these
either
as
building
blocks
proteins
nucleic
acids,
which
greatly
promotes
development
application
biotechnology.
this
review,
we
summarized
research
including
cluster
mimics,
coenzyme
analogs
(mNADs),
designer
cofactors,
non-natural
nucleotides
(XNAs),
amino
acids
(nnAAs),
focusing
design,
synthesis,
applications
well
current
challenges
synthetic
biology.
Chemical Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
124(9), P. 5846 - 5929
Published: April 24, 2024
Although
transition
metals
constitute
less
than
0.1%
of
the
total
mass
within
a
human
body,
they
have
substantial
impact
on
fundamental
biological
processes
across
all
kingdoms
life.
Indeed,
these
nutrients
play
crucial
roles
in
physiological
functions
enzymes,
with
redox
properties
many
being
essential
to
their
activity.
At
same
time,
imbalances
metal
pools
can
be
detrimental
health.
Modern
analytical
techniques
are
helping
illuminate
workings
homeostasis
at
molecular
and
atomic
level,
spatial
localization
real
implications
dysregulation
disease
pathogenesis.
Fluorescence
microscopy
has
proven
one
most
promising
non-invasive
methods
for
studying
samples.
The
accuracy
sensitivity
bioimaging
experiments
predominantly
determined
by
fluorescent
metal-responsive
sensor,
highlighting
importance
rational
probe
design
such
measurements.
This
review
covers
activity-
binding-based
sensors
that
been
applied
cellular
studies.
We
focus
redox-active
metals:
iron,
copper,
manganese,
cobalt,
chromium,
nickel.
aim
encourage
further
targeted
efforts
developing
innovative
approaches
understanding
chemistry
metals.
