Ultra‐processed foods and the nutrition transition: Global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers

Obesity Reviews, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(12)

Published: Aug. 6, 2020

Summary Understanding the drivers and dynamics of global ultra‐processed food (UPF) consumption is essential, given evidence linking these foods with adverse health outcomes. In this synthesis review, we take two steps. First, quantify per capita volumes trends in UPF sales, ingredients (sweeteners, fats, sodium cosmetic additives) supplied by foods, countries classified income region. Second, review literature on systems political economy factors that likely explain observed changes. We find for a substantial expansion types quantities UPFs sold worldwide, representing transition towards more processed diet but wide variations between regions countries. As grow richer, higher wider variety are sold. Sales highest Australasia, North America, Europe Latin America growing rapidly Asia, Middle East Africa. These developments closely linked industrialization systems, technological change globalization, including growth market activities transnational corporations inadequate policies to protect nutrition new contexts. The scale dietary underway, especially highly populated middle‐income countries, raises serious concern health.

Language: Английский

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Ultra-Processed Foods and Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(7), P. 1955 - 1955

Published: June 30, 2020

The nutrition literature and authoritative reports increasingly recognise the concept of ultra-processed foods (UPF), as a descriptor unhealthy diets. UPFs are now prevalent in diets worldwide. This review aims to identify appraise studies on healthy participants that investigated associations between levels UPF consumption health outcomes. involved systematic search for extant literature; integration interpretation findings from diverse study types, populations, outcomes dietary assessments; quality appraisal. Of 43 reviewed, 37 found exposure associated with at least one adverse outcome. Among adults, these included overweight, obesity cardio-metabolic risks; cancer, type-2 diabetes cardiovascular diseases; irritable bowel syndrome, depression frailty conditions; all-cause mortality. children adolescents, risks asthma. No reported an association beneficial Most were derived observational evidence plausible biological mechanisms increase confidence veracity observed is steadily evolving. There considerable body supporting use scientific assess ‘healthiness’ within context patterns help inform development guidelines policy actions.

Language: Английский

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Ultra-processed foods and recommended intake levels of nutrients linked to non-communicable diseases in Australia: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study

BMJ Open, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9(8), P. e029544 - e029544

Published: Aug. 1, 2019

This study aimed to describe the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Australia and its association with intake nutrients linked non-communicable diseases (NCDs).Cross-sectional study.National Nutrition Physical Activity Survey (2011-2012).12,153 participants aged 2+ years.Average dietary content NCDs prevalence outside levels recommended for prevention NCDs.Food items were classified according NOVA system, a classification based on nature, extent purpose industrial food processing. The contribution each group their subgroups total energy was calculated. Mean nutrient non-ultra-processed fractions diet compared. Across quintiles foods, differences as well intakes examined.Ultra-processed had highest (42.0% intake), followed by unprocessed or minimally processed (35.4%), (15.8%) culinary ingredients (6.8%). A positive statistically significant linear trend found between free sugars (standardised β 0.43, p<0.001); (β 0.08, p<0.001), saturated 0.18, p<0.001) trans fats 0.10, sodium 0.21, density 0.41, while an inverse relationship observed fibre -0.21, potassium -0.27, p<0.001). non-recommended all studied increased linearly across intake, notably from 22% 82% sugars, 6% 11% fat 2% 25% density, lowest quintile.The high impacted negatively Australia. Decreasing share would substantially improve quality country help population achieve recommendations critical NCDs.

Language: Английский

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A specific prelimbic-nucleus accumbens pathway controls resilience versus vulnerability to food addiction

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Feb. 7, 2020

Abstract Food addiction is linked to obesity and eating disorders characterized by a loss of behavioral control compulsive food intake. Here, using mouse model, we report that the lack cannabinoid type-1 receptor in dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic neurons prevents development addiction-like behavior, which associated with enhanced synaptic excitatory transmission medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) nucleus accumbens (NAc). In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition neuronal activity mPFC-NAc pathway induces seeking. Transcriptomic analysis genetic manipulation identified increased dopamine D2 expression promotes phenotype. Our study unravels new neurobiological mechanism underlying resilience vulnerability addiction, could pave way towards novel efficient interventions for this disorder.

Language: Английский

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Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 12(11), P. 3401 - 3401

Published: Nov. 5, 2020

Past public health crises (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, opioids, cholera, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lead, pollution, venereal disease, even coronavirus (COVID-19) have been met with interventions targeted both at the individual and all of society. While healthcare community is very aware that global pandemic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has its origins in our Western ultraprocessed food diet, society slow to initiate any other than education, which ineffective, part due industry interference. This article provides rationale for such interventions, by compiling evidence added sugar, proxy category, meets four criteria set as necessary sufficient regulation—abuse, toxicity, ubiquity, externalities (How does your consumption affect me?). To their credit, some countries recently heeded this science instituted sugar taxation policies help ameliorate NCDs within borders. also supplies scientific counters talking points, sample intervention strategies, order guide scientists policy makers instituting further appropriate measures quell pandemic.

Language: Английский

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Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 79(1), P. 103 - 112

Published: Nov. 20, 2019

The concept of food addiction is currently a highly debated subject within both the general public and scientific communities. term suggests that individuals may experience addictive-like responses to food, similar those seen with classic substances abuse. An increasing number studies have established prevalence correlates addiction. Moreover, be associated obesity disordered eating. Thus, intervening on helpful in prevention therapy eating disorders. However, controversy exists about if this phenomenon best defined through paradigms reflective Diagnostic Statistical Manual Mental Disorders (DSM-5) substance-related disorders (e.g. addiction) or non-substance-related criteria. This review paper will give brief summarisation current state research addiction, more precise definition its classification, differentiation from an overview potential overlaps Based review, there evidence represent distinct such as bulimia nervosa binge-eating disorder. Future are needed further examine establish orthogonal diagnostic criteria specific Such must differentiate patterns symptoms characterise develop options. To date, it too premature draw conclusions clinical significance

Language: Английский

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Prevalence of food addiction determined by the Yale Food Addiction Scale and associated factors: A systematic review with meta‐analysis

European Eating Disorders Review, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 30(2), P. 85 - 95

Published: Dec. 24, 2021

Abstract Objective To determine, through a systematic review with meta‐analysis, the prevalence of food addiction (FA) using Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and its derivatives exploring possible factors associated FA in several contexts. Methods The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, LILACS, PsycArticles, CENTRAL, Greylit.org , OpenGrey.eu . Studies that assessed YFAS included. Two independent reviewers eligibility each report. Random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed to calculate weighted FA. Subgroup analyses meta‐regression conducted explore sources heterogeneity. Results Of 6425 abstracts reviewed, 272 studies mean diagnosis 20% (95% CI: 18%; 21%). higher individuals clinical binge eating (55%; 95% CI 34%; 75%). samples compared non‐clinical samples. included children only no elderly people. Conclusions is topic which there has been significant growth studies. highest found group participants disorders weight disorders. More are needed.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Related Distress Is Associated With Alcohol Problems, Social Media and Food Addiction Symptoms: Insights From the Italian Experience During the Lockdown

Frontiers in Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Nov. 25, 2020

Background: Several scholars hypothesize that one of the most negative impacts coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis would concern increase prevalence and severity both substances behavioral addiction. Despite general concerns about addictions related to COVID-19 emergency, few data are still available. Thus, main aim this study was investigate association between distress and: (i) alcohol problems, (ii) social media addiction (SMA) symptoms, (iii) food (FA) symptoms. Methods: A national online-survey carried out during Italian lockdown (i.e., 9 March 2020–4 May 2020). In current study, 1,519 participants (365 men 1,154 women, mean age: 28.49 ± 10.89 years) were included. The survey included socio-demographic items (e.g., age, sex, residential regions, education level, civil status, tobacco use, etc.), as well ad-hoc developed questions aimed variables isolation/quarantine, personal diagnosis COVID-19, friends or relatives with diagnosis, etc.). Participants also completed following self-report measures in order investigate: psychological impact SMA FA impulsivity. Results: independently associated problems (β = 0.058, p 0.043), symptoms 0.259, &lt; 0.001), 0.150, 0.001). Conclusion: Taken together, our results seem confirm emergency on addictive behaviors, suggesting issue should be carefully monitored.

Language: Английский

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Psychiatric Aspects of Obesity: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiology and Psychopathology

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(8), P. 2344 - 2344

Published: July 23, 2020

In the last decades, obesity has become a major concern for clinical and public health. Despite variety of available treatments, outcomes remain—by large—still unsatisfactory, owing to high rates nonresponse relapse. Interestingly, is being associated with growing surge neuropsychiatric problems, certainly related pathogenesis this condition, likely be great consequence as its treatment prognosis. neurobiologic direction, sturdy body evidence recently shown that immune–metabolic–endocrine dyscrasias, notoriously attached excess weight/adiposity, affect impair morpho-functional integrity brain, thus possibly contributing neuroprogressive/degenerative processes behavioral deviances. Likewise, in perspective, displays complex associations mood disorders affective temperamental dimensions (namely cyclothymia), eating characterized by overeating/binge-eating behaviors, ADHD-related executive dysfunctions, emotional dysregulation motivational–addictive disturbances. With review, we attempt provide clinician synoptic, yet exhaustive, tool more conscious approach subset which could reasonably termed “psychiatric” obesity.

Language: Английский

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A Distinct Brain‐Gut‐Microbiome Profile Exists for Females with Obesity and Food Addiction

Obesity, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 28(8), P. 1477 - 1486

Published: July 22, 2020

Background Alterations in brain‐gut‐microbiome interactions have been implicated as an important factor obesity. This study aimed to explore the relationship between food addiction (FA) and axis, using a multi‐omics approach involving microbiome data, metabolomics, brain imaging. Methods Brain magnetic resonance imaging was obtained 105 females. FA defined by Yale Food Addiction Scale. Fecal samples were collected for sequencing metabolomics. Statistical analysis done multivariate analyses machine learning algorithms. Results Of females with obesity, 33.3% exhibited compared 5.3% 0.0% of overweight normal BMI, respectively ( P = 0.0001). Based on multilevel sparse partial least square discriminant analysis, there difference gut versus those without. Differential abundance testing showed Bacteroides , Megamonas Eubacterium Akkermansia statistically associated q < 0.05). Metabolomics that indolepropionic acid inversely correlated FA. also increased connectivity within brain’s reward network, specifically intraparietal sulcus, stem, putamen. Conclusions is first examine along axis it supports idea targeting treatment

Language: Английский

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