Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(12), P. 6521 - 6521

Published: June 17, 2021

Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters levels thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% interindividual variations in TSH levels, but many can also affect function. This review discusses studies have analyzed impact on healthy adults. We included lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet exercise) pollutants (chemicals heavy metals). Many inconsistencies results been observed between studies, making it difficult draw a general conclusion about how particular influences levels. However, showed clearest association with were smoking, body mass index (BMI) iodine (micronutrient taken from diet). Smoking mainly led decrease an increase triiodothyronine (T3) thyroxine (T4) while BMI positively correlated free T3 Excess Among analyzed, most after exposure perchlorate. Future should continue analyze function as they could understanding complex background gene–environment interactions underlying pathology diseases.

Language: Английский

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Selenium in Human Health and Gut Microflora: Bioavailability of Selenocompounds and Relationship With Diseases

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: June 4, 2021

This review covers current knowledge of selenium in the dietary intake, its bioavailability, metabolism, functions, biomarkers, supplementation and toxicity, as well relationship with diseases gut microbiota specifically on symbiotic between microflora status. Selenium is essential for maintenance immune system, conversion thyroid hormones, protection against harmful action heavy metals xenobiotics reduction risk chronic diseases. able to balance microbial flora avoiding health damage associated dysbiosis. Experimental studies have shown that inorganic organic selenocompounds are metabolized selenomethionine incorporated by bacteria from microflora, therefore highlighting their role improving bioavailability selenocompounds. Dietary can affect colonization, which turn influences host's status expression selenoproteoma. deficiency may result a phenotype more susceptible cancer, dysfunctions, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disorders. Although host benefit each other relationship, they become competitors if supply micronutrients limited. Intestinal remove resulting two three times lower levels selenoproteins under selenium-limiting conditions. There still gaps whether these consequences unfavorable humans animals or daily intake also adapted meet needs bacteria.

Language: Английский

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Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Minerals in Relation to a Healthy Gut Microbiome

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(13), P. 6803 - 6803

Published: June 24, 2021

Adequate amounts of a wide range micronutrients are needed by body tissues to maintain health. Dietary intake must be sufficient meet these micronutrient requirements. Mineral deficiency does not seem the result physically active life or athletic training but is more likely arise from disturbances in quality and quantity ingested food. The lack some minerals appears symbolic modern era reflecting either excessive empty calories negative energy balance drastic weight-loss diets. Several animal studies provide convincing evidence for an association between dietary availability microbial composition gut. However, influence human gut microbiota on bioaccessibility bioavailability trace elements food has rarely been studied. Bacteria play role effecting mineral bioaccessibility, which further increased through fermentation cereals soaking germination crops. Moreover, probiotics have positive effect iron, calcium, selenium, zinc relation microbiome metabolism. current literature reveals beneficial effects bacteria supporting both overall This review focuses interactions several sport nutrition, as related lifestyle.

Language: Английский

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Mitochondria: It is all about energy

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: April 25, 2023

Mitochondria play a key role in both health and disease. Their function is not limited to energy production but serves multiple mechanisms varying from iron calcium homeostasis the of hormones neurotransmitters, such as melatonin. They enable influence communication at all physical levels through interaction with other organelles, nucleus, outside environment. The literature suggests crosstalk between mitochondria circadian clocks, gut microbiota, immune system. might even be hub supporting integrating activity across these domains. Hence, they (missing) link Mitochondrial dysfunction related metabolic syndrome, neuronal diseases, cancer, cardiovascular infectious inflammatory disorders. In this regard, diseases Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), pain are discussed. This review focuses on understanding mitochondrial action that allow for maintenance pathways toward dysregulated mechanisms. Although have allowed us adapt changes over course evolution, turn, evolution has shaped mitochondria. Each evolution-based intervention influences its own way. use physiological stress triggers tolerance stressor, achieving adaptability resistance. describes strategies could recover functioning providing comprehensive, root-cause-focused, integrative approach recovering treating people suffering diseases.

Language: Английский

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Role of zinc in health and disease

Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: Feb. 17, 2024

Abstract This review provides a concise overview of the cellular and clinical aspects role zinc, an essential micronutrient, in human physiology discusses zinc-related pathological states. Zinc cannot be stored significant amounts, so regular dietary intake is essential. ZIP4 and/or ZnT5B transport zinc ions from duodenum into enterocyte, ZnT1 transports enterocyte circulation, (bidirectional transporter) facilitates endogenous secretion intestinal lumen. Putative promoters absorption that increase its bioavailability include amino acids released protein digestion citrate, whereas phytates, casein calcium can reduce bioavailability. In 70% bound to albumin, majority body found skeletal muscle bone. excretion via faeces (predominantly), urine, sweat, menstrual flow semen. Excessive inhibit copper iron, leading deficiency anaemia, respectively. toxicity adversely affect lipid profile immune system, treatment depends on mode acquisition. Acquired usually presents later life alongside risk factors like malabsorption syndromes, but medications diuretics angiotensin-receptor blockers also cause deficiency. Inherited condition acrodermatitis enteropathica, which occurs due mutation SLC39A4 gene (encoding ZIP4), birth. Treatment involves supplementation gluconate, sulphate or chloride. Notably, oral may decrease drugs ciprofloxacin, doxycycline risedronate.

Language: Английский

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Role of microbiota short-chain fatty acids in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 162, P. 114620 - 114620

Published: March 31, 2023

There is emerging evidence that microbiota and its metabolites play an important role in helath diseases. In this regard, gut has been found as a crucial component influences immune responses well immune-related disorders such autoimmune Gut bacterial dysbiosis shown to cause disease altered metabolite synthesis, leading immunological metabolic dysregulation. Of note, the produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, butyrate, propionate, remodeling these linked pathophysiology of number type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac systemic lupus erythematosus. review, we will address most recent findings from noteworthy studies investigating impact SCFAs on various

Language: Английский

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A cause–effect relationship between Graves’ disease and the gut microbiome contributes to the thyroid–gut axis: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Feb. 14, 2023

Background An association between Graves’ disease (GD) and the gut microbiome has been identified, but causal effect them remains unclear. Methods Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to detect GD microbiome. Gut data were derived from samples a range of different ethnicities (18,340 samples) on obtained Asian ethnicity (212,453 samples). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected as instrumental variables according criteria. They evaluate exposures outcomes through inverse-variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, mode, MR-Egger, simple mode methods. F -statistics sensitivity analyses performed bias reliability. Results In total, 1,560 extracted ( p < 1 × 10 5 ). The classes Deltaproteobacteria [odds ratio (OR) = 3.603] Mollicutes , well genera Ruminococcus torques group, Oxalobacter Ruminococcaceae UCG 011 identified risk factors for GD. family Peptococcaceae genus Anaerostipes (OR 0.489) protective addition, 13 –8 ), causing one eight be regulated. Clostridium innocuum group 0.024, OR 0.918) Anaerofilum 0.049, 1.584) had greatest probability being Significant bias, heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy not detected. Conclusion A relationship exists microbiome, demonstrating regulatory activity interactions, thus providing evidence supporting involvement thyroid–gut axis.

Language: Английский

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Selenium and thyroid diseases

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: March 24, 2023

Selenium, a non-metallic element, is micronutrient essential for the biosynthesis of selenoproteins containing selenocysteine. In adults, thyroid contains highest amount selenium per gram tissue. Most known selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidase, are expressed in and involved hormone metabolism, redox state regulation, maintenance cellular homeostasis. Some clinical studies have shown that lack will increase prevalence several kinds diseases. Selenium treatment patients with Graves’ orbitopathy has been to delay disease progression improve quality life. supplementation Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was associated decreased levels anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody improved ultrasound structure. cancer, various supplements variable anticancer activity. However, published results remain conflicting more evidence still needed determine significance selenium. This article reviews strong association between provides new ideas management disease.

Language: Английский

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Unlocking the Potential of Probiotics: A Comprehensive Review on Research, Production, and Regulation of Probiotics

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(5), P. 1687 - 1723

Published: March 28, 2024

Language: Английский

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The impact of environmental factors and contaminants on thyroid function and disease from fetal to adult life: current evidence and future directions

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: June 19, 2024

The thyroid gland regulates most of the physiological processes. Environmental factors, including climate change, pollution, nutritional changes, and exposure to chemicals, have been recognized impact function health. Thyroid disorders cancer increased in last decade, latter increasing by 1.1% annually, suggesting that environmental contaminants must play a role. This narrative review explores current knowledge on relationships among factors anatomy function, reporting recent data, mechanisms, gaps through which act. Global warming changes living both iodine-poor areas volcanic regions can represent threat favor cancers because low iodine intake heavy metals radon. Areas with high nitrate nitrite concentrations water soil also negatively affect function. Air particularly particulate matter outdoor air, worsen be carcinogenic. endocrine-disrupting chemicals alter many ways, as some mimic and/or disrupt hormone synthesis, release, action target tissues, such bisphenols, phthalates, perchlorate, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances. When discussing diet nutrition, there is evidence microbiome-associated an elevated consumption animal fat would associated production autoantibodies. There negative effects microplastics. Finally, infectious diseases significantly function; recently, lessons learned from SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Understanding how influence crucial for developing preventive strategies policies guarantee appropriate development healthy metabolism new generations preventing disease adults elderly. However, are understanding warrant further research.

Language: Английский

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