Infections and Autoimmunity—The Immune System and Vitamin D: A Systematic Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(17), P. 3842 - 3842

Published: Sept. 2, 2023

Both 25-autoimmunity and(25(OH)D: calcifediol) and its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D: calcitriol), play critical roles in protecting humans from invasive pathogens, reducing risks of autoimmunity, maintaining health. Conversely, low 25(OH)D status increases susceptibility to infections developing autoimmunity. This systematic review examines vitamin D’s mechanisms effects on enhancing innate acquired immunity against microbes preventing The study evaluated the quality evidence regarding biology, physiology, aspects human health related autoimmunity peer-reviewed journal articles published English. search analyses followed PRISMA guidelines. Data strongly suggested that serum concentrations more than 50 ng/mL is associated with significant risk reduction viral bacterial infections, sepsis, Most adequately powered, well-designed, randomized controlled trials sufficient duration supported substantial benefits D. Virtually all studies failed conclude or were ambiguous had major design errors. Treatment deficiency costs less 0.01% cost investigation worsening comorbidities hypovitaminosis Despite cost-benefits, prevalence remains high worldwide. was clear among those who died COVID-19 2020/21—most severe deficiency. Yet, lack direction agencies insurance companies using as an adjunct therapy astonishing. confirmed keeping individual’s above (125 nmol/L) (and 40 population) reduces community outbreaks, autoimmune disorders. Maintaining such 97.5% people achievable through daily safe sun exposure (except countries far equator during winter) taking between 5000 8000 IU supplements (average dose, for non-obese adults, ~70 90 IU/kg body weight). Those gastrointestinal malabsorption, obesity, medications increase catabolism a few other specific disorders require much higher intake. evaluates non-classical actions D, particular emphasis infection immune system.

Language: Английский

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Physiology of Vitamin D—Focusing on Disease Prevention

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 1666 - 1666

Published: May 29, 2024

Vitamin D is a crucial micronutrient, critical to human health, and influences many physiological processes. Oral skin-derived vitamin hydroxylated form calcifediol (25(OH)D) in the liver, then 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) kidney. Alongside parathyroid hormone, calcitriol regulates neuro-musculoskeletal activities by tightly controlling blood-ionized calcium concentrations through intestinal absorption, renal tubular reabsorption, skeletal mineralization. Beyond its classical roles, evidence underscores impact of on prevention reduction severity diverse conditions such as cardiovascular metabolic diseases, autoimmune disorders, infection, cancer. Peripheral target cells, like immune obtain 25(OH)D concentration-dependent diffusion from circulation. Calcitriol synthesized intracellularly these cells precursors, which for their protective actions. Its deficiency exacerbates inflammation, oxidative stress, increased susceptibility disorders infections; also causes premature deaths. Thus, maintaining optimal serum levels above 40 ng/mL vital health disease prevention. However, achieving it requires several times more than government’s recommended doses. Despite extensive published research, daily intake therapeutic have lagged are outdated, preventing people benefiting. Evidence suggests that with range 40–80 population reducing morbidities mortality without adverse effects. The recommendation individuals maintain 50 (125 nmol/L) clinical outcomes. Insights metabolomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics offer promise better outcomes sufficiency. Given broader positive minimal cost little effects, proactively integrating assessment supplementation into practice promises significant benefits, including reduced healthcare costs. This review recent novel findings related physiology implications

Language: Английский

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Vitamin D: Evidence-Based Health Benefits and Recommendations for Population Guidelines

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 277 - 277

Published: Jan. 14, 2025

Vitamin D offers numerous under-recognized health benefits beyond its well-known role in musculoskeletal health. It is vital for extra-renal tissues, prenatal health, brain function, immunity, pregnancy, cancer prevention, and cardiovascular Existing guidelines issued by governmental organizations are bone-centric largely overlook the abovementioned extra-skeletal optimal thresholds vitamin D. In addition, they rely on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which seldom show due to high baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)D] concentrations, moderate supplementation doses, flawed study designs. This review emphasizes findings from prospective cohort studies showing that higher 25(OH)D concentrations reduce risks of major diseases mortality, including pregnancy birth outcomes. Serum > 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) significantly lower disease mortality compared <20 ng/mL. With 25% U.S. population 60% Central Europeans having levels ng/mL, should be raised above achievable through daily with 2000 IU/day (50 mcg/day) D3, prevent deaths. Furthermore, a dose between 4000 6000 IU D3 achieve serum 40 70 would provide greater protection against many adverse Future recommendations integrate observational well-designed RCTs improve public personalized care.

Language: Английский

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Impact of Vitamin D on Skin Aging, and Age-Related Dermatological Conditions

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(1)

Published: Jan. 20, 2025

Human skin is a physical and biochemical barrier that protects the internal body from external environment. Throughout person’s life, undergoes both intrinsic extrinsic aging, leading to microscopic macroscopic changes in its morphology. In addition, repair processes slow with making older population more susceptible diseases. Intrinsic factors associated advanced age gradually degrade dermal collagen matrix, resulting fine wrinkles reduced elasticity; this accelerated post-menopausal women due estrogen deficiency. contrast, age, primarily caused by exposure ultraviolet (UV) radiation, lead coarse wrinkles, solar elastosis, hyperkeratosis, irregular pigmentation, cancers. UVB while contributing photo-aging, also induces cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D. Vitamin D, turn, oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, thereby delaying chronological photo-aging. Moreover, research has demonstrated an association between lower D levels higher prevalence certain This review explores summarizes critical role aging age-related The data presented highlight importance maintaining adequacy throughout life.

Language: Английский

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Enhancing the Design of Nutrient Clinical Trials for Disease Prevention—A Focus on Vitamin D: A Systematic Review

Nutrition Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

This systematic review (SR) highlights principles for nutrient clinical trials and explore the diverse physiological functions of vitamin D beyond its traditional role in musculoskeletal system related to study designs. Thousands published research articles have investigated benefits (a example taken this SR) system, including immune, pulmonary, cardiovascular systems; pregnancy; autoimmune disorders; cancer. They illustrated D's molecular mechanisms, interactions, genomic nongenomic actions. SR was designed identify shortcomings designs, statistical methods, data interpretation that led inconsistent findings D-related publications. also examples insights into avoiding design errors future studies, randomized controlled (RCTs). The adheres latest PRISMA statement, guidelines, PICOS process. Inappropriate or flawed designs were frequent trials. Major failures discussed here include too short duration, inadequate infrequent doses, insufficient power, failure measure baseline achieved levels, recruiting D-sufficient participants. These misleading interpretations. Thus, conclusions from such studies should not be generalized used recommendations, policymaking. Adequately powered epidemiological RCTs with sufficient duration individuals deficiency reported favorable outcomes, enriching literature, enabling understand physiology mechanisms. Proper rigorous methodologies cautious outcomes are crucial advancing field. apply only D, but other micro-nutrients nutraceutical research. Adhering them enhances credibility reliability trials, SRs, meta-analysis outcomes. emphasizes importance focused, hypothesis-driven, well-designed, statistically nutrients, conducted index deficient participants, avoidance errors. Findings incorporated practice, policymaking, public health improving nation reducing healthcare costs.

Language: Английский

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Physiological Basis for Using Vitamin D to Improve Health

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(6), P. 1542 - 1542

Published: May 26, 2023

Vitamin D is essential for life-its sufficiency improves metabolism, hormonal release, immune functions, and maintaining health. deficiency increases the vulnerability severity of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cancer, obesity, infections. The active enzyme that generates vitamin [calcitriol: 1,25(OH)2D], CYP27B1 (1α-hydoxylase), its receptors (VDRs) are distributed ubiquitously in cells. Once calcitriol binds with VDRs, complexes translocated to nucleus interact responsive elements, up- or down-regulating expression over 1200 genes modulating physiological functions. Administration D3 correct metabolites at proper doses frequency longer periods would achieve intended benefits. While various tissues have different thresholds 25(OH)D concentrations, levels above 50 ng/mL necessary mitigate conditions such as infections/sepsis, reduce premature deaths. Cholecalciferol (D3) (not metabolites) should be used raise serum target concentration. In contrast, calcifediol [25(OH)D] raises concentrations rapidly agent choice emergencies infections, those who ICUs, insufficient hepatic 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) activity. maintain serum-ionized calcium concentration persons advanced renal failure hypoparathyroidism. Calcitriol is, however, ineffective most other conditions, including replacement therapy. Considering high costs higher incidence adverse effects due narrow therapeutic margins (ED50), 1α-vitamin analogs, 1α-(OH)D 1,25(OH)2D, not conditions. Calcifediol analogs cost 20 times more than D3-thus, they indicated a routine supplement hypovitaminosis D, osteoporosis, failure. Healthcare workers resist accepting inappropriate promotions, chronic osteoporosis infections-there no rationale doing so. Maintaining population's (above 40 ng/mL) supplements and/or daily sun exposure cost-effective way diseases sepsis, overcome viral epidemics pandemics, healthcare costs. Furthermore, overall health (hence reducing absenteeism), reduces cardiovascular decreases all-cause mortality, minimizes infection-related complications sepsis COVID-19-related hospitalizations Properly using illnesses costs: thus, it part clinical care.

Language: Английский

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A Randomized Phase II/III Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of 100 and 125 µg of Calcifediol Weekly Treatment of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 672 - 672

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

Background/Objectives: Given the crucial health benefits of vitamin D, addressing severe deficiencies is a pressing medical concern. This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness and safety two new weekly doses calcifediol (100 µg 125 µg) for long-term management in patients with D deficiency, defined as plasma 25(OH)D levels ≤10 ng/mL. Methods: was randomized, two-cohort, controlled, double-blind, multicentre phase II-III trial. Subjects were randomized 2:2:1 100 µg, or placebo. The primary endpoint proportion achieving ≥20 ng/mL and/or ≥30 by week 16. Results: A total 276 (mean age: 55.2 years, SD 15.42) randomized. By 16, 92.3% 91.8% groups, respectively, reached ng/mL, compared 7.3% placebo group. Levels achieved 49% 76.4% (125 participants, none Calcifediol demonstrated superior efficacy at all response time points (p < 0.0001). Plasma concentrations increased 24 remained stable. incidence adverse events comparable across groups. Conclusions: dose demonstrates best profile tolerability, providing reliable solution maintaining adequate deficiency.

Language: Английский

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Controlling Chronic Diseases and Acute Infections with Vitamin D Sufficiency

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(16), P. 3623 - 3623

Published: Aug. 18, 2023

Apart from developmental disabilities, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases with age especially in those co-morbidities: vitamin D deficiency plays a major role it. Whether initiates and/or aggravates or vice versa is unclear. It adversely affects all body systems but can be eliminated using proper doses supplementation safe daily sun exposure. Maintaining population serum 25(OH)D concentration above 40 ng/mL (i.e., sufficiency) ensures sound immune system, minimizing symptomatic and reducing infections diseases. This most cost-effective way to keep healthy reduce healthcare costs. Vitamin facilitates physiological functions, overcoming pathologies such as inflammation oxidative stress maintaining broader functions. These are vital infections. Therefore, addition following essential public health nutritional guidance, sufficiency should an integral part better health, preventing acute minimize their complications. Those severe have highest burdens co-morbidities more vulnerable developing complications untimely deaths. adequacy improves innate adaptive systems. controls excessive stress, generates antimicrobial peptides, neutralizes antibodies via cells. Consequently, reduces associated disease burden, illnesses, hospitalizations, all-cause mortality. Vulnerable communities, ethnic minorities living temperate countries, older people, co-morbidities, routine night workers, institutionalized persons, deficiency—they would significantly benefit targeted micronutrient supplementation. At least now, departments, authorities, insurance companies start assessing, prioritizing, encouraging this economical, non-prescription, prevent treat approach will morbidity, mortality, costs ensure aging.

Language: Английский

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Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19

Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 735 - 735

Published: May 18, 2023

A large amount of published research points to the interesting concept (hypothesis) that magnesium (Mg) status may have relevance for outcome COVID-19 and Mg could be protective during COVID disease course. As an essential element, plays basic biochemical, cellular, physiological roles required cardiovascular, immunological, respiratory, neurological functions. Both low serum dietary been associated with severity outcomes, including mortality; both are also risk factors such as older age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular hypertension, asthma. In addition, populations high rates mortality hospitalization tend consume diets in modern processed foods, which generally Mg. this review, we review describe consider possible impact on showing (1) between 2.19 2.26 mg/dL intakes > 329 mg/day course (2) inhaled improve oxygenation hypoxic patients. spite promise, oral has thus far studied only combination other nutrients. deficiency is involved occurrence aggravation neuropsychiatric complications COVID-19, memory loss, cognition, loss taste smell, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, headache. Potential zinc and/or useful increasing drug therapy effectiveness or reducing adverse effect anti-COVID-19 drugs reviewed. Oral trials patients warranted.

Language: Английский

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Cancer Metabolism as a Therapeutic Target and Review of Interventions

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(19), P. 4245 - 4245

Published: Oct. 1, 2023

Cancer is amenable to low-cost treatments, given that it has a significant metabolic component, which can be affected through diet and lifestyle change at minimal cost. The Warburg hypothesis states cancer cells have an altered cell metabolism towards anaerobic glycolysis. Given this reprogramming in cells, possible target cancers metabolically by depriving them of glucose. In addition dietary modifications work on tumors metabolically, there are panoply nutritional supplements repurposed drugs associated with prevention better treatment outcomes. These interventions their evidentiary basis covered the latter half review guide future treatment.

Language: Английский

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