Tryptophan Metabolism in Depression: A Narrative Review with a Focus on Serotonin and Kynurenine Pathways

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(15), P. 8493 - 8493

Published: July 31, 2022

Depression is a common and serious disorder, characterized by symptoms like anhedonia, lack of energy, sad mood, low appetite, sleep disturbances. This disease very complex not totally elucidated, in which diverse molecular biological mechanisms are involved, such as neuroinflammation. There high need for the development new therapies gaining insights into this urgent. One important player depression amino acid tryptophan. can be metabolized two pathways context depression: serotonin kynurenine pathways. These metabolic tryptophan crucial several processes that linked with depression. Indeed, maintenance balance critical human physiological homeostasis. Thus, narrative review aims to explore metabolism (particularly pathways) depression, starting global overview about these topics ending focus on neuroinflammation, stress, microbiota, brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulation disease. Taken together, information clarify particularly

Language: Английский

---

Oxidative Stress in Depression: The Link with the Stress Response, Neuroinflammation, Serotonin, Neurogenesis and Synaptic Plasticity

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 470 - 470

Published: Feb. 13, 2023

Depression is a prevalent, complex, and highly debilitating disease. The full comprehension of this disease still global challenge. Indeed, relapse, recurrency, therapeutic resistance are serious challenges in the fight against depression. Nevertheless, abnormal functioning stress response, inflammatory processes, neurotransmission, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity known to underlie pathophysiology mental disorder. role oxidative and, particularly, depression widely recognized, being important for both its onset development. excessive generation reactive oxygen species lack efficient antioxidant response trigger processes such as inflammation, neurodegeneration, neuronal death. Keeping mind importance detailed study about cellular molecular mechanisms that present depression, review focuses on link between neuroinflammation, serotonergic pathways, plasticity's imbalances these lead new era treatment knowledge complex

Language: Английский

---

Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Anticholinesterase Effects of Essential Oil from Myrcia sylvatica (G.Mey.) DC

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 110 - 110

Published: Jan. 12, 2025

Aromatic plants are rich sources of essential oils (EOs), recognized for their therapeutic properties due to diversity phytochemicals. This study investigated the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects Myrcia sylvatica oil (MsEO) through inhalation in an animal model its vitro anticholinesterase (AChE) activity. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation, volatile constituents were analyzed GC-MS. Swiss mice exposed doses 0.1%, 1%, 2% via apparatus. activity assessed using elevated plus maze light-dark box tests, while evaluated tail suspension forced swimming tests. To examine potential side effects, animals subjected rotarod, Y-maze, Morris water tests assess motor coordination, memory, learning. Anticholinesterase determined direct bioautography colorimetry based on Ellman method. results demonstrated that MsEO at 0.1% 1% significantly reduced anxiety depressive-like behaviors without impairing learning, or coordination animals. Moreover, inhibited acetylcholinesterase with IC50 0.47 μg/mL. These findings suggest has applications depression disorders, additional warranting further investigation cognitive-related conditions.

Language: Английский

---

Alzheimer’s Disease: Exploring the Landscape of Cognitive Decline

ACS Chemical Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 15(21), P. 3800 - 3827

Published: Oct. 11, 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and impaired daily functioning. The pathology of AD marked the accumulation amyloid beta plaques tau protein tangles in brain, along with neuroinflammation synaptic dysfunction. Genetic factors, such as mutations APP, PSEN1, PSEN2 genes, well APOE ε4 allele, contribute to increased risk acquiring AD. Currently available treatments provide symptomatic relief but do not halt progression. Research efforts are focused on developing disease-modifying therapies that target underlying pathological mechanisms Advances identification validation reliable biomarkers for hold great promise enhancing early diagnosis, monitoring progression, assessing treatment response clinical practice effort alleviate burden this devastating disease. In paper, we analyze data from CAS Content Collection summarize research progress We examine publication landscape insights into current knowledge advances developments. also review most discussed emerging concepts assess strategies combat explore genetic pharmacological targets, comorbid diseases. Finally, inspect applications products against their development pipelines drug repurposing. objective broad overview evolving regarding AD, outline challenges, evaluate growth opportunities further combating

Language: Английский

---

Antioxidant Activity of Fluoxetine and Vortioxetine in a Non-Transgenic Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Dec. 24, 2021

Depression is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A neurobiological and clinical continuum exists between AD depression, with neuroinflammation oxidative stress being involved in both diseases. Second-generation antidepressants, particular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are currently investigated as neuroprotective drugs AD. By employing non-transgenic model, obtained by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers 2-month-old C57BL/6 mice, we recently demonstrated that SSRI fluoxetine (FLX) multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine (VTX) reversed depressive-like phenotype memory deficits induced Aβ rescuing levels transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Aim our study was to test FLX VTX their ability prevent hippocampus Aβ-injected brain area strongly affected depression The long-term intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration (10 mg/kg) or (5 10 24 days, starting 7 days before injection, able over-expression inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) oligomers. Antidepressant pre-treatment also rescue mRNA expression glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) antioxidant enzyme. prevented Aβ-induced neurodegeneration mixed neuronal cultures treated Our data represent first evidence treatment antidepressants can phenomena related cognitive observed animal model

Language: Английский

---

Comparison of Monoamine Oxidase-A, Aβ Plaques, Tau, and Translocator Protein Levels in Postmortem Human Alzheimer’s Disease Brain

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(13), P. 10808 - 10808

Published: June 28, 2023

Increased monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be detrimental to the point of neurodegeneration. To assess MAO-A AD, we compared four biomarkers, Aβ plaques, tau, translocator protein (TSPO), and postmortem AD. Radiotracers were [18F]FAZIN3 for MAO-A, [18F]flotaza [125I]IBETA [124/125I]IPPI [18F]FEPPA TSPO imaging. Brain sections anterior cingulate (AC; gray matter GM) corpus callosum (CC; white WM) from cognitively normal control (CN, n = 6) AD (n subjects imaged using autoradiography immunostaining. Using competition with clorgyline (R)-deprenyl, binding was confirmed selective levels brain sections. Increases plaque, found brains brains. The ratio GM versus CN 2.80, suggesting a 180% increase activity. GM-to-WM ratios CN, >50% observed (AD/CN 1.58). Linear positive correlations [18F]flotaza, [125I]IBETA, [125I]IPPI measured suggested an increases plaques tau Our results support finding that is elevated cortex thus provide new biomarker this region.

Language: Английский

---

Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms diagnosis, management, caregiving, advanced treatments and associated challenges

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Dec. 16, 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and impaired reasoning. It the leading cause of dementia in older adults, marked pathological accumulation amyloid-beta plaques neurofibrillary tangles. These changes lead to widespread neuronal damage, significantly impacting daily functioning quality life.

Language: Английский

---

Next‐Generation Photosensitizers: Cyanine‐Carborane Salts for Superior Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Cancer

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 22, 2025

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising targeted treatment for cancer. However, current PDT is limited by low tissue penetration, insufficient phototoxicity (toxicity with light irradiation), and undesirable cytotoxicity without irradiation). Here, we report the discovery of cyanine-carborane salts potent photosensitizers (PSs) that harness near-infrared (NIR) absorbing [cyanine+] inertness [carborane-]. The implementation [carborane-] dramatically enhance cancer targeting PSs decrease cytotoxicity. We characterize cellular uptake PSs, organelle localization, generation reactive oxygen species (ROS) ability to cogenerate multiple ROS species, suppression pro-metastatic pathways, activation apoptotic pathways. further demonstrate optimized eliminate tumors in vivo using an orthotopic mouse model breast These newly developed salt introduce therapeutic approach against aggressive while decreasing side effects.

Language: Английский

---

Next‐Generation Photosensitizers: Cyanine‐Carborane Salts for Superior Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Cancer

Angewandte Chemie, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 22, 2025

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising targeted treatment for cancer. However, current PDT is limited by low tissue penetration, insufficient phototoxicity (toxicity with light irradiation), and undesirable cytotoxicity without irradiation). Here, we report the discovery of cyanine‐carborane salts potent photosensitizers (PSs) that harness near‐infrared (NIR) absorbing [cyanine + ] inertness [carborane − ]. The implementation dramatically enhance cancer targeting PSs decrease cytotoxicity. We characterize cellular uptake PSs, organelle localization, generation reactive oxygen species (ROS) ability to cogenerate multiple ROS species, suppression pro‐metastatic pathways, activation apoptotic pathways. further demonstrate optimized eliminate tumors in vivo using an orthotopic mouse model breast These newly developed salt introduce therapeutic approach against aggressive while decreasing side effects.

Language: Английский

---

Receptor Modulated Assembly and Drug Induced Disassembly of Amyloid Beta Aggregates at Asymmetric Neuronal Model Biomembranes

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---