Journal of Material Science and Technology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
199, P. 156 - 183
Published: March 28, 2024
Polymers
are
indispensable
to
humans
in
different
applications
due
their
ease
of
manufacturing
and
overall
performance.
However,
after
a
material
lifetime,
there
is
large
amount
polymer-based
waste,
which
greatly
contributes
the
loss
valuable
resources
environmental
pollution.
Thermoplastics
may
be
readily
recycled,
but
because
flammability,
amounts
flame
retardant
(FR)
additives
required
for
many
applications.
This
results
significant
volume
FR
polymeric
wastes
too,
particularly
halogenated
plastics,
subject
severe
recycling
regulations.
In
general,
thermoplastics
containing
FRs
raising
concerns,
as
effective
strongly
influenced
by
chemical
composition,
additive
content,
physicochemical
characteristics
waste
stream.
The
thermosets
even
more
challenging
crosslinked
cured
nature,
makes
them
resistant
melting
reprocessing.
cases,
traditional
mechanical
methods,
such
grinding
melting,
not
applicable
thermosetting
polymers.
Current
methods
do
always
consider
recovery
thermosetting/thermoplastic
matrix
presence
toxic
polymer
network.
Sorting
solvent
washing
treatment
important
steps,
usually
performed
before
reduce
contamination
following
steps.
Considering
all
technical
difficulties
during
recycling,
high
cost
sorting
washing,
increasing
demand
sustainable
procedures,
scientific
community
fostering
transformation
toward
feasible
energy-efficient
strategies.
Also,
directives
imposing
strict
disposal
rules,
limiting
use
halogen-based
compounds,
promoting
commercialization
recyclable
review
aims
provide
general
overview
currently
applied
approaches
thermosets,
possible
designing
next
generation
materials.
existing
strategies
polymers
summarized.
Developments
covalent
adaptable
networks
an
outlook
towards
circularity
also
addressed
this
review.
Journal of Composites Science,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
5(1), P. 28 - 28
Published: Jan. 15, 2021
Recently,
significant
events
took
place
that
added
immensely
to
the
sociotechnical
pressure
for
developing
sustainable
composite
recycling
solutions,
namely
(1)
a
ban
on
landfilling
in
Germany
2009,
(2)
first
major
wave
of
wind
turbines
reaching
their
End-of-Life
(EoL)
and
being
decommissioned
2019–2020,
(3)
acceleration
aircraft
decommissioning
due
COVID-19
pandemic,
(4)
increase
composites
mass
production
cars,
thanks
development
high
volume
technologies
based
thermoplastic
composites.
Such
will
only
grow
upcoming
decade
2020s
as
other
countries
are
follow
by
limiting
banning
landfill
options,
ever-growing
number
expired
EoL
waste.
The
fiber
reinforced
materials
therefore
play
an
important
role
future,
particular
energy,
but
also
aerospace,
automotive,
construction
marine
sectors
reduce
environmental
impacts
meet
demand.
scope
this
manuscript
is
clear
condensed
yet
full
state-of-the-art
overview
available
both
low
Technology
Readiness
Levels
(TRL).
TRL
framework
has
been
used
many
variations
across
industries
provide
measurement
technology
maturity
from
idea
generation
(basic
principles)
commercialization.
In
words,
work
should
be
treated
review
providing
guidelines
industry
benefit
society.
authors
propose
one
key
aspects
identify
optimal
methods
different
types
Why
case
can
answered
with
simple
price
comparison
E-glass
fibers
(~2
$/kg)
versus
typical
carbon
market
(~20
$/kg)—which
two
more
valuable
recover?
However,
answer
complicated
than
that—the
glass
constitutes
about
90%
modern
reinforcement
market,
it
needed.
Therefore,
aims
economically
environmentally
solutions
material
recycling.
Macromolecules,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
54(9), P. 3927 - 3961
Published: April 19, 2021
Vitrimers
constitute
a
fascinating
class
of
polymer
materials
that
make
the
link
between
historically
opposed
3D
networks
(thermosets)
and
linear
polymers
(thermoplastics).
Their
chemical
resistance,
reshaping
ability,
unique
rheological
behavior
upon
heating
them
promising
for
future
applications
in
industry.
However,
many
vitrimers
require
use
high
catalyst
loadings,
which
raises
concerns
their
durability
limits
potential
applications.
To
cope
with
this
issue,
internal
catalysis
neighboring
group
participation
(NGP)
can
be
used
to
enhance
ability
such
materials.
A
few
studies
report
effect
activating
groups
on
exchange
reactions
vitrimers.
Nevertheless,
knowledge
topic
remains
scarce,
although
research
would
greatly
benefit
from
NGP
already
known
organic
chemistry.
The
present
Perspective
presents
different
types
exchangeable
bonds
implemented
discusses
have
or
potentially
capable
an
enhancing
reactions.
This
analysis
is
underpinned
by
thorough
mechanistic
discussion
various
presented.
Polymers,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(12), P. 2449 - 2449
Published: June 16, 2022
Additive
manufacturing
or
3D
printing
of
materials
is
a
prominent
process
technology
which
involves
the
fabrication
layer-by-layer
point-by-point
in
subsequent
manner.
With
recent
advancements
additive
manufacturing,
has
excited
great
potential
for
extension
simple
designs
to
complex
multi-material
geometries.
Vat
photopolymerization
subdivision
possesses
many
attractive
features,
including
excellent
resolution,
high
dimensional
accuracy,
low-cost
and
ability
spatially
control
material
properties.
However,
currently
limited
by
design
strategies,
chemistries,
equipment
limitations.
This
review
aims
provide
readers
with
comprehensive
comparison
different
technologies
along
detailed
knowledge
on
advances
vat
technologies.
Furthermore,
we
describe
popular
chemistries
both
from
past
more
recently,
future
prospects
address
material-related
limitations
photopolymerization.
Examples
impressive
capabilities
inspired
nature
are
applicable
today
multiple
areas
life
briefly
presented
applications
section.
Finally,
our
point
view
printed
structures
as
well
way
forward
towards
promising
further
Macromolecules,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
55(18), P. 7974 - 7991
Published: Sept. 5, 2022
While
transesterification
has
been
largely
explored
by
chemists,
only
a
few
studies
comparatively
dealt
with
its
"sluggish
cousin",
transcarbamoylation.
Originally
suggested
70
years
ago
to
explain
the
stress
decay
observed
at
high
temperature
in
polyurethane
chemical
networks,
transcarbamoylation─also
called
transurethanization
or
urethane
exchange─is
still
underexploited
both
organic
and
polymer
chemistry.
This
is
mainly
related
use
of
toxic
reactants
such
as
isocyanates
tin-based
catalysts
involved
during
preparation
molecular
carbamates
polyurethanes
(PUs)
well
harsh
conditions
required
observe
exchanges
transformations.
Many
have
focused
their
interest
alternatives
isocyanates,
underestimating
potential
transcarbamoylation
produce,
recycle,
reprocess
PUs
(wastes).
Perspective
presents
latest
developments
plausible
future
directions
prepare
sustainable
PU-based
materials
using
focus
on
covalent
dynamic
networks.
Macromolecular Rapid Communications,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
44(7)
Published: Jan. 20, 2023
Abstract
The
rapid
increase
in
the
use
of
plastics
and
related
sustainability
issues,
including
depletion
global
petroleum
reserves,
have
rightly
sparked
interest
biobased
polymer
feedstocks.
Thermosets
cannot
be
remolded,
processed,
or
recycled,
hence
reused
because
their
permanent
molecular
architecture.
Vitrimers
emerged
as
a
novel
family
capable
bridging
difference
between
thermoplastic
thermosets.
enable
unique
recycling
strategies,
however,
it
is
still
important
to
understand
where
raw
material
feedstocks
originate
from.
Transesterification
vitrimers
derived
from
renewable
resources
are
massive
opportunity,
limited
research
has
been
conducted
this
specific
vitrimers.
This
review
article
provides
comprehensive
overview
transesterification
produced
monomers.
focus
on
biomass
structural
suitability
with
dynamic
covalent
chemistry,
well
viability
synthetic
methods.
