Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottle-to-Bottle Recycling for the Beverage Industry: A Review

Polymers, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(12), P. 2366 - 2366

Published: June 11, 2022

Disposal of plastic waste has become a widely discussed issue, due to the potential environmental impact improper disposal. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging accounted for 44.7% single-serve beverage in US 2021, and 12% global solid waste. A strategic solution is needed manage Major manufacturers have pledged reduce their footprint by taking steps towards sustainable future. The PET bottle several properties that make it an environmentally friendly choice. good barrier as its single-layer, mono-material composition allows be more easily recycled. Compared glass, lightweight lower carbon production transportation. With modern advancements decontamination processes recycling post-consumer recycled (rPET or PCR), safe material reuse packaging. It been 30 years since FDA first began certifying PCR compliant food contact PET, application within United States. This article provides overview bottle-to-bottle guidance looking advance goals sustainability.

Language: Английский

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Packaging design for the circular economy: A systematic review

Sustainable Production and Consumption, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 32, P. 817 - 832

Published: June 3, 2022

The concept of circular economy has been ubiquitous over the past five years and steadily gaining a consensus as new paradigm. Circular covers wide spectrum topics ranging from waste management, through materials to supply chain, amongst which packaging is an essential part for achieving truly economy. It emphasised that resources should be kept in closed loops, thereby generating zero waste. However, largely due nature designated usage, industry built on linear model where designed, produced, consumed disposed of. This creates substantial amount waste, now growing concern earth ecosystem. To enable smooth transition system, design recognised fundamental stepping-stone towards In this study, extensive literature review performed, investigating body research relation paper reviews state-of-the-art design, including rules, guidelines, considerations tools can applied process A framework then proposed, summarising findings showing (i) factors determine material selection, (ii) strategies, guidelines taken into account conceptual development phases, (iii) indicators assist validation assessment circularity. Finally, future trends various aspects facilitate recycling, tools, education policy making are discussed.

Language: Английский

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Biodegradable polymers from lignocellulosic biomass and synthetic plastic waste: An emerging alternative for biomedical applications

Materials Science and Engineering R Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 156, P. 100761 - 100761

Published: Oct. 31, 2023

Language: Английский

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Review and recommendations for sustainable pathways of recycling commodity plastic waste across different economic regions

Resources Environment and Sustainability, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14, P. 100134 - 100134

Published: Aug. 6, 2023

Commodity plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and terephthalate (PET) are some of the common plastic wastes found in municipal wastes. Lack technology, resources, coherent programs, policies, mismanagement incomplete processing these plastics, results mostly endinf up landfills. Adopting a qualitative research approach, paper reviewed PE, PP PET recycling waste management processes from selected developed developing countries. It was that chemical terms catalytic cracking followed by pyrolysis technologies more suitable for producing higher liquid oils whiles gasification improves fuel gas yield. Given mechanical requires less capital it is option products In cases where there complex separation issues, incineration energy recovery appropriate but should be used with end-of-pipe treatment solutions to mitigate against environmental impact incineration. The further highlights various opportunities challenges involved pathway, yields obtained each technique adaptation can made.

Language: Английский

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Identification and Evaluation of (Non-)Intentionally Added Substances in Post-Consumer Recyclates and Their Toxicological Classification

Recycling, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1), P. 24 - 24

Published: Feb. 9, 2023

According to the European circular economy strategy, all plastic packaging placed on market by 2030 has be recyclable. However, for recycled plastics in direct contact with food, there are still major safety concerns because (non-)intentionally added substances can potentially migrate from polymers into foodstuffs. Therefore, Food Safety Authority (EFSA) derived very low migration limits (e.g., 0.1 µg/L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and 0.06 high-density (HDPE)) polymers. Thus, use of recyclates post-consumer waste materials food is currently only possible PET. A first step assessing potential health hazards is, therefore, identification toxicological classification detected substances. Within this study, samples different packaging-relevant recycling (HDPE, LDPE, PE, PP, PET, PS) were analyzed. The identified examined a focus their abundance, toxicity (Cramer classification), polarity (log P values), chemical diversity, origin (post-consumer vs. virgin base polymer substances). It was demonstrated that polyolefins contain more classified as toxic than due higher diffusivity. In addition, despite its diffusivity compared polyolefins, high number found PS. Further, significantly toxicologically concerning Additionally, correlation between log values Cramer found. concluded PET complies EFSA’s requirements economy. better-structured collection systems cleaning processes, well analytical methods enable highly sensitive detection substances, might offer possibility implementing other processes future.

Language: Английский

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Circular economy barriers in Australia: How to translate theory into practice?

Sustainable Production and Consumption, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 45, P. 582 - 597

Published: Feb. 7, 2024

Australia has many unique features that make the approach to a transition circular economy different other countries. There is growing recognition current linear of 'take-make-waste' unsustainable, and this driven research government policy into attempting develop in Australia. This systematic transformation will result significant impact on government, business, consumers, therefore be highly complex achieve without understanding overcoming barriers. The aim review identify major barriers adoption through using literature been published last six years. resulted 74 studies being included for analysis across variety waste streams Australian States. authors identified could segregated 21 barriers, with most frequently occurring ones including standards regulations, high cost transport, lack incentive, missing or inaccurate data, businesses not prioritising changes needed economy. These were then assigned step lifecycle (or supply chain) material up until exhaustion disposal, as aids identifying gaps, successful examples are easier overcome. Using these guideline, we have made recommendations how can progress

Language: Английский

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Assessment of chemical risks and circular economy implications of recycled PET in food packaging with functional barriers

Resources Environment and Sustainability, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17, P. 100163 - 100163

Published: July 10, 2024

In response to regulatory demands for sustainable practices, there has been a significant increase in the use of recycled materials food packaging, particularly when incorporated behind functional barriers. This study, conducted as part "ABA Modeling" project, evaluates migration contaminants from non-decontaminated, polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) B-layer, which is sandwiched between two virgin A-layers three-layer trays. The study aims assess long-term implications safety within context European and French circular economy frameworks. Using modeling approach based on "worst-case" scenarios ten – similar methodologies employed decontaminated direct contact PET levels chemical residues are analyzed compared. Findings highlight impact co-extrusion process suitability rPET contact. Additionally, discusses risks challenges recycling sector, managing contamination during mechanical recycling. Recommendations provided improve industrial emphasizing importance ongoing monitoring ensure sustainability these practices.

Language: Английский

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Mechanical recycling of printed flexible plastic packaging: The role of binders and pigments

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 472, P. 134375 - 134375

Published: April 21, 2024

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), extensively employed in flexible plastic packaging, often undergoes printing with inks. However, during the mechanical recycling of post-consumer waste, these inks act as contaminants, subsequently compromising quality and usability recycled material. To understand better exactly which ink components cause effects, this study comprehensively assesses thermal behavior three organic pigments two commonly utilised binders, correlated impact on LDPE-based packaging. In regard, focuses four pivotal factors: processability, properties, aesthetic attributes, volatile compound profiles. The results indicate that nitrocellulose, used a binder, degrades reprocessing, resulting film discoloration emission potentially odorous compounds. Conversely, are found to be dispersed within droplets polyurethane binder LDPE recyclates, whilst reprocessing printed samples detrimentally affects notably dart drop resistance, strain at break, number inclusions. Additionally, it is shown both comprise emit compounds reprocessing: non-thermally stable components, nitrocellulose pigment yellow PY13, well low-molecular weight molecules from by-products wax, plasticisers, additives. growing emphasis circularity has highlighted concerns about recycling, particularly concerning potential accumulation contaminations over multiple loops. While serve valuable purpose use phase product, after not only blended into but may also undergo degradation. These crucial factor for low-quality recyclates higher loads, posing significant toxicity safety concerns. Results reveal need address (precursors of) hazardous contamination intensified efforts

Language: Английский

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Gasification for material recycling—A solution to the plastic flood?

The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 102(9), P. 2966 - 2979

Published: April 29, 2024

Abstract Since 1950, only 9% of all plastic produced has undergone recycling, and a mere 10% that been recycled multiple times. Most discarded (around 73%) ends up in landfills or is improperly managed, resulting widespread littering. The main reason for low recycling rates the lack technology multi‐polymer multi‐layer materials unsortable mixed waste. This waste one most accumulating types, including example single‐use food packaging with an average lifetime less than 6 months. These films, consisting various polymer are not feasible traditional mechanical which requires well‐sorted, clean, homogeneous materials. Several methods have proposed to address this issue tackle overwhelming influx waste, among steam gasification stands out as promising approaches mixed, contaminated, plastics. method utilizes high temperatures (800°C) atomize plastics, gas mixture , CO, small hydrocarbons. can be reformed through hydrocarbon syntheses, example, via methanol propylene ethylene, successive into new mono‐ polymers equal quality fossil‐based Moreover, since any organic structure, biomass used substitute extension carbon feed, ultimately reducing reliance on fossil feedstock. With these advantages, significantly increase contribute bio‐integrated circular economy.

Language: Английский

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Fit for the Future: An Assessment of the Sustainability Parameters of Liquid Dairy Product Packaging in the DACH Region and the Implications of Upcoming Regulatory Changes

Foods, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 195 - 195

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

The European Union aims for climate neutrality by 2050 and has proposed the Packaging Packing Waste Regulation (PPWR) to promote a circular economy, focusing on reducing packaging waste. In this context, comprehensive sustainability assessment liquid dairy product packaging, including beverage cartons, bottles to-go cups, in DACH region (Germany, Austria Switzerland) was conducted. aim consider various ecological aspects of environmental impacts circularity. As aspect recyclability is core PPWR, calculation central interest project. Here, major differences waste management infrastructure between countries could be identified. majority assessed falls below PPWR's 70% requirement, with Switzerland showing even lower due poor collection recycling infrastructure. Significant discrepancies efficiency exist, indicating unnecessary resource consumption, especially case cups. Additionally, carbon footprint materials can vary up ten times within certain categories, negatively impacting environment. Good results were identified use certified renewable resources. Overall, demonstrate several areas improvement light forthcoming regulatory requirements, which must met Germany Austria.

Language: Английский

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