A Review of FDA-Approved Anti-HIV-1 Drugs, Anti-Gag Compounds, and Potential Strategies for HIV-1 Eradication

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(7), P. 3659 - 3659

Published: March 25, 2024

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an enormous global health threat stemming from human virus (HIV-1) infection. Up to now, the tremendous advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have shifted HIV-1 infection a fatal illness into manageable chronic disorder. However, presence of latent reservoirs, multifaceted nature HIV-1, drug resistance, severe off-target effects, poor adherence, and high cost restrict efficacy current cART targeting distinct stages life cycle. Therefore, there unmet need for discovery new therapeutics that not only bypass limitations but also protect body’s at same time. The main goal complete eradication purging latently infected cells patients’ bodies. A potential strategy called “lock-in apoptosis” targets budding phase cycle leads susceptibility apoptosis elimination reservoirs and, ultimately, eradication. work intends present advantages disadvantages United States Food Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-HIV-1 drugs as well plausible strategies design development more compounds with better potency, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, improved safety issues.

Language: Английский

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HIV–TB Coinfection: Current Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Interactions

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(3), P. 321 - 321

Published: Feb. 21, 2024

The co-occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infection poses a significant global health challenge. Treatment HIV TB co-infection often necessitates combination therapy involving antiretroviral (ART) for anti-TB medications, which introduces the potential drug–drug interactions (DDIs). These can significantly impact treatment outcomes, efficacy treatment, safety, overall patient well-being. This review aims to provide comprehensive analysis DDIs between anti-HIV drugs as well adverse effects resulting from concomitant use these medications. Furthermore, such findings may be used develop personalized therapeutic strategies, dose adjustments, or alternative drug choices minimize risk outcomes ensure effective management co-infection.

Language: Английский

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Toward a cure – Advancing HIV/AIDs treatment modalities beyond antiretroviral therapy: A Review

Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 103(27), P. e38768 - e38768

Published: July 5, 2024

Antiretroviral therapy, also known as antiretroviral therapy (ART), has been at the forefront of ongoing battle against human immunodeficiency virus/acquired syndrome (HIV/AIDs). ART is effective, but it drawbacks such side effects, medication resistance, and difficulty getting access to treatment, which highlights urgent need for novel treatment approaches. This review explores complex field HIV/AIDS covering both established alternative modalities orthodox therapy. Numerous reliable databases were reviewed, including PubMed, Web Science, Scopus, Google Scholar. The results a thorough literature search revealed numerous therapeutic options, stem cell transplantation, immunotherapy, gene latency reversal agents, pharmaceutical vaccinations. While promise altering cellular resistance infection targeting HIV-positive cells, immunotherapy treatments seek strengthen immune system’s ability combat HIV. Latency agents offer promising method breaking viral making infected cells vulnerable system destruction or drugs. Furthermore, there potential improving responses HIV using medical stresses vital significance research innovation in hunt successful through examination recent developments lingering challenges. assessment notes that even though tremendous progress treating illness, still more work be done addressing current barriers investigating various options order achieve ultimate objective putting an end pandemic.

Language: Английский

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HIV OctaScanner: A Machine Learning Approach to Unveil Proteolytic Cleavage Dynamics in HIV-1 Protease Substrates

Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 14, 2025

The rise of resistance to antiretroviral drugs due mutations in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protease is a major obstacle effective treatment. These alter the drug-binding pocket and reduce drug efficacy by disrupting interactions with inhibitors. Traditional methods, such as biochemical assays structural biology, are crucial for studying enzyme function but time-consuming labor-intensive. To address these challenges, we developed HIV OctaScanner, machine learning algorithm that predicts proteolytic cleavage activity octameric substrates at HIV-1 sites. uses Random Forest (RF) classifier achieves prediction accuracy 89% identification cleavable octamers. This innovative approach facilitates rapid screening potential protease, providing critical insights into guiding development more therapeutic strategies. By improving substrate identification, OctaScanner has support next generation treatments.

Language: Английский

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Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Anti-HIV Drug Monitoring: Innovations, Challenges, and Prospects

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 258, P. 116727 - 116727

Published: Feb. 3, 2025

Language: Английский

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Deciphering the Molecular Mechanisms of HAART‐Induced Hepatotoxicity

Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 39(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), consisting of three or more drugs, is recommended for patients with HIV infection. HAART effectively reduces RNA levels, lowers the risk opportunistic infections, and improves immune function survival rates. However, it also associated an increased liver injury in HIV‐infected individuals. This review aims to summarize mechanisms underlying HAART‐induced injury. A comprehensive search was conducted PubMed EMBASE using keywords such as “Antiretroviral/ARV drugs drug‐induced (DILI),” “HAART DILI,” “Antiretroviral “HIV infection DILI.” Relevant papers published before March 2024 were included. Experimental studies have demonstrated that zidovudine efavirenz can cause structural alterations mitochondria, impair respiratory chain, generate free radicals, deplete mitochondrial DNA, leading oxidative endoplasmic reticulum stress, well accumulation advanced glycation end products tissue. Zidovudine disrupts lipid homeostasis by increasing fatty acid synthesis reducing metabolism. Efavirenz its metabolite, 8‐hydroxyefavirenz, induce hepatocellular death activate proapoptotic markers through c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase signaling. Additionally, lamivudine has been shown stress rats. Clinically, approximately 50% on regimens containing non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors experience mild moderate include efavirenz, lamivudine, tenofovir glucose rats, highlighting need caution disease. Patients viral hepatitis coinfection, those taking antitubercular cotrimoxazole, nevirapine‐containing are at particularly high risk. Regular monitoring essential prevent damage patients. While significantly rates patients, poses a considerable injury, necessitating careful management.

Language: Английский

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A Review on FDA Approved Anti-HIV-1 Drugs, Anti-Gag Compounds and Potential Strategies for HIV-1 Eradication

Published: Jan. 18, 2024

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an enormous global health threat stemming from human virus (HIV-1) infection. Up to now, the tremendous advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have shifted HIV-1 infection a fatal illness into manageable chronic disorder. However, presence of latent reservoirs, multifaceted nature HIV-1, drug resistance, severe off-target effects, poor adherence, and high cost restrict efficacy current cART targeting distinct stages life cycle. Therefore, there unmet need for discovery new therapeutics that not only bypass limitations but also protect body at same time. The main goal complete eradication purging latently infected cells patients’ bodies. A potential strategy called “lock-in apoptosis” budding phase cycle leading susceptibility apoptosis elimination reservoirs ultimately eradication. work intends present advantages disadvantages United States Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved anti-HIV-1 drugs as well plausible strategies design development more compounds with better potency, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, improved safety issues.

Language: Английский

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New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(9), P. 1484 - 1484

Published: Sept. 18, 2024

More than 80 million people worldwide have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are now approximately 39 individuals living HIV/acquired syndrome (AIDS). Although treatments against HIV infection available, AIDS remains a serious disease. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), also known as highly active (HAART), consists of treatment combination several drugs that block multiple stages in replication cycle. However, increasing usage cART is inevitably associated emergence drug resistance. In addition, development persistent cellular reservoirs latent critical obstacle to viral eradication since rebound takes place once anti-retroviral (ART) interrupted. Thus, efforts being applied new generations drugs, vaccines and types cART. this review, we summarize antiviral therapies used for HIV/AIDS, both individual agents therapies, highlight role macrophages most recent clinical studies related

Language: Английский

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Systemic Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Complications in HIV Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Role of Type II Diabetes

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 34 - 34

Published: Jan. 6, 2025

(1) Background: This study aimed to assess the association between inflammatory biomarkers and gastrointestinal side effects in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a specific focus impact of type II diabetes. (2) Methods: A total 320 participants were divided into three groups: 120 without diabetes, 80 controls. Biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, along symptoms, measured before six months after ART. (3) Results: diabetes exhibited significantly elevated levels markers experienced more frequent effects, particularly nausea diarrhea. (4) Conclusions: Type worsens inflammation HIV ART, suggesting need for tailored treatment approaches.

Language: Английский

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Development of HIV Drug‐Resistance Mutations and Antiretroviral Efficacy Among Vietnamese Patients After Failure of 5‐Year First‐Line Therapy

Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 5, 2025

ABSTRACT Background The emergence of drug‐resistant mutations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) over time presents a challenge to treatment. We describe the development drug‐resistance and ART efficacy reduction Vietnamese patients with failure first‐line during 5‐year period. Methods This is observational cohort study HIV viral loads evaluated annually for 5 years (2017–2022) at hospitals Vietnam. Patients load ≥ 1000 copies/mL were subjected identifying reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase evaluate resistance ART. Results After monitoring 2932 on ART, 75 (2.56%) had concurrent virological all years. In 2017, only 2/75 strains possessed Protease Inhibitor (PI) mutations, while 75/75 both Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) Non‐Nucleoside (NNRTIs) mutations. Only four PI variants found, 40 32 resistant NRTIs NNRTIs. years, number increased 14, 13 new emerging. There six novel associated NRTIs, NNRTIs, proportion preexisting from 1.3% 13.3%. Furthermore, sensitivity decreased 2.7% 18.6%. Conclusion PIs, increasing most rapidly, decrease PIs was higher than that

Language: Английский

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