The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation

Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 352(6285), P. 560 - 564

Published: April 28, 2016

“Normal” for the gut microbiota For benefit of future clinical studies, it is critical to establish what constitutes a “normal” microbiome, if exists at all. Through fecal samples and questionnaires, Falony et al. Zhernakova targeted general populations in Belgium Netherlands, respectively. Gut composition correlated with range factors including diet, use medication, red blood cell counts, chromogranin A, stool consistency. The data give some hints possible biomarkers normal communities. Science , this issue pp. 560 565

Language: Английский

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Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome

Neurobiology of Stress, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 7, P. 124 - 136

Published: March 19, 2017

The importance of the gut–brain axis in regulating stress-related responses has long been appreciated. More recently, microbiota emerged as a key player control this axis, especially during conditions stress provoked by real or perceived homeostatic challenge. Diet is one most important modifying factors microbiota-gut-brain axis. routes communication between and brain are slowly being unravelled, include vagus nerve, gut hormone signaling, immune system, tryptophan metabolism, microbial metabolites such short chain fatty acids. early life shaping later health outcomes also emerging. Results from preclinical studies indicate that alterations composition way antibiotic exposure, lack breastfeeding, birth Caesarean section, infection, other environmental influences - coupled with influence host genetics can result long-term modulation physiology behaviour. implicated variety including anxiety, depression irritable bowel syndrome, although largely based on animal correlative analysis patient populations. Additional research humans sorely needed to reveal relative impact causal contribution microbiome disorders. In regard, concept psychobiotics developed refined encompass methods targeting order positively mental outcomes. At 2016 Neurobiology Stress Workshop Newport Beach, CA, group experts presented symposium “The Microbiome: Development, Stress, Disease”. This report summarizes builds upon some concepts within context how might neurobiology stress.

Language: Английский

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The Human Gut Microbiome: From Association to Modulation

Cell, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 172(6), P. 1198 - 1215

Published: March 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 135 - 157

Published: Aug. 1, 2019

The human gastrointestinal (gut) microbiota comprises diverse and dynamic populations of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoa, coexisting in a mutualistic relationship with the host. When intestinal homeostasis is perturbed, function tract other organ systems, including brain, can be compromised. gut proposed to contribute blood-brain barrier disruption pathogenesis neurodegenerative diseases. While progress being made, better understanding interactions between microbes host cells, impact these have on signaling from brain now required. In this review, we summarise current evidence their metabolites integrity function, communication networks which they may modulate. We also discuss potential modulation strategies as therapeutic tools for promoting restoring health.

Language: Английский

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Microbial Ecology along the Gastrointestinal Tract

Microbes and Environments, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 32(4), P. 300 - 313

Published: Jan. 1, 2017

The ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract traverses a number environmental, chemical, and physical conditions because it runs from oral cavity to anus. These differences in along with food or other ingested substrates affect composition density microbiota as well their functional roles by selecting those that are most suitable for environment. Previous studies have mostly focused on Bacteria, conducted Archaea, Eukarya, Viruses being limited despite important this ecosystem. Furthermore, due challenges associated collecting samples directly inside humans, many still exploratory, primary focus microbiomes. Thus, mechanistic investigate functions using animal models. However, physiology microbiomes need be clarified order aid translation model findings into context humans. This review will highlight Fungi, Viruses, discuss GI healthy perform comparisons three common models: rats, mice, pigs.

Language: Английский

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The Gut Microbiota in the First Decade of Life

Trends in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 27(12), P. 997 - 1010

Published: Aug. 29, 2019

Appreciation of the importance gut microbiome is growing, and it becoming increasingly relevant to identify preventive or therapeutic solutions targeting it. The composition function microbiota are relatively well described for infants (less than 3 years) adults, but have been largely overlooked in pre-school (3-6 primary school-age (6-12 children, as teenagers (12-18 years). Early reports suggested that infant would attain an adult-like structure at age years, recent studies development may take longer. This time key because there evidence suggest deviations this consequences later life. In review, we provide overview current knowledge concerning microbiota, its evolution, variation, response dietary challenges during first decade life with a focus on healthy children (up 12 from various populations around globe. should facilitate identification diet-based approaches individuals group, promote

Language: Английский

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The microbiome: A key regulator of stress and neuroinflammation

Neurobiology of Stress, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 4, P. 23 - 33

Published: March 5, 2016

There is a growing emphasis on the relationship between complexity and diversity of microorganisms that inhabit our gut (human gastrointestinal microbiota) health/disease, including brain health disorders central nervous system. The microbiota-gut-brain axis dynamic matrix tissues organs brain, glands, gut, immune cells microbiota communicate in complex multidirectional manner to maintain homeostasis. Changes this environment can lead broad spectrum physiological behavioural effects hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation, altered activity neurotransmitter systems function. While an appropriate, co-ordinated response, such as or stress response are necessary for survival, dysfunctional be detrimental host contributing development number CNS disorders. In review, involvement stress-mediated immune-mediated modulation neuroendocrine, consequential behaviour considered. We also focus mechanisms by which commensal regulate neuroinflammation further aim exploit understanding their role stress-related consequence neuroinflammatory processes.

Language: Английский

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The gut microbiota in human energy homeostasis and obesity

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 26(9), P. 493 - 501

Published: Aug. 8, 2015

Language: Английский

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The growing tree of Archaea: new perspectives on their diversity, evolution and ecology

The ISME Journal, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 11(11), P. 2407 - 2425

Published: Aug. 4, 2017

Language: Английский

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