Toward a Rational and Mechanistic Account of Mental Effort

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 40(1), P. 99 - 124

Published: April 4, 2017

In spite of its familiar phenomenology, the mechanistic basis for mental effort remains poorly understood. Although most researchers agree that is aversive and stems from limitations in our capacity to exercise cognitive control, it unclear what gives rise those why they result an experience control as costly. The presence these costs also raises further questions regarding how best allocate minimize maximize attendant benefits. This review explores recent advances computational modeling empirical research aimed at addressing level psychological process neural mechanism, examining both exertion we manage limited resources. We conclude by identifying remaining challenges theoretical accounts well possible applications available findings understanding causes potential solutions apparent failures exert required us.

Language: Английский

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Pupil dilation as an index of effort in cognitive control tasks: A review

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 25(6), P. 2005 - 2015

Published: Feb. 12, 2018

Pupillometry research has experienced an enormous revival in the last two decades. Here we briefly review surge of recent studies on task-evoked pupil dilation context cognitive control tasks with primary aim being to evaluate feasibility using as index effort exertion, rather than task demand or difficulty. Our shows that across three domains updating, switching, and inhibition, increases demands typically leads dilation. Studies show a diverging pattern respect relationship between performance how account can provide explanation these findings. We also discuss future directions further corroborate this theories their potential neurobiological substrates.

Language: Английский

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Situational Strategies for Self-Control

Perspectives on Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 35 - 55

Published: Jan. 1, 2016

Exercising self-control is often difficult, whether declining a drink in order to drive home safely, passing on the chocolate cake stay diet, or ignoring text messages finish reading an important paper. But enacting not always particularly when it takes form of proactively choosing changing situations ways that weaken undesirable impulses potentiate desirable ones. Examples situational include partygoer who chooses seat far from where drinks are being poured, dieter asks waiter bring around dessert cart, and student goes library without cell phone. Using process model self-control, we argue full range strategies can be organized by considering timeline developing tempting impulse. Because tend grow stronger over time, strategies-which nip impulse bud-may especially effective preventing action. Ironically, may underappreciate for same reason so effective-namely, manipulating our circumstances advantage, able minimize in-the-moment experience intrapsychic struggle typically associated with exercising self-control.

Language: Английский

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The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 22(4), P. 337 - 349

Published: Feb. 21, 2018

Language: Английский

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Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 19(10), P. 1286 - 1291

Published: Sept. 27, 2016

Language: Английский

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Self-Control and Academic Achievement

Annual Review of Psychology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 70(1), P. 373 - 399

Published: Jan. 4, 2019

Self-control refers to the alignment of thoughts, feelings, and actions with enduringly valued goals in face momentarily more alluring alternatives. In this review, we examine role self-control academic achievement. We begin by defining distinguishing it from related constructs. Next, summarize evidence that nearly all students experience conflict between they value long run nonacademic find gratifying moment. then turn longitudinal relating attainment, course grades, performance on standardized achievement tests. use process model illustrate how impulses are generated regulated, emphasizing opportunities for deliberately strengthen congruent with, dampen incongruent goals. Finally, conclude future directions both science practice.

Language: Английский

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Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying subjective valuation of effort costs

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. e1002598 - e1002598

Published: Feb. 24, 2017

In everyday life, we have to decide whether it is worth exerting effort obtain rewards. Effort can be experienced in different domains, with some tasks requiring significant cognitive demand and others being more physically effortful. The motivation exert for reward highly subjective varies considerably across the domains of behaviour. However, very little known about computational or neural basis how costs are subjectively weighed against Is there a common, domain-general system brain areas that evaluates all benefits? Here, used modelling functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examine mechanisms underlying value processing both physical domains. Participants were trained on two novel parametrically varied either effort. During fMRI, participants indicated their preferences between fixed low-effort/low-reward option variable higher-effort/higher-reward offer each domain. Critically, devaluation by was subserved common network areas, including dorsomedial dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus, anterior insula. Activity within these also covaried negatively positively effort, suggesting an integration parameters areas. Additionally, amygdala appeared play unique, domain-specific role rewards associated These results first reveal neurocomputational cost–benefit valuation provide insight into multidimensional nature motivation.

Language: Английский

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Activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: neural mechanisms and implications for psychopathology

Brain, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 139(5), P. 1325 - 1347

Published: April 26, 2016

Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal and external environment, control probability, proximity availability of stimuli. As such, motivation is a complex critical for survival, which involves multiple behavioural functions mediated by number interacting neural circuits. Classical theories suggest there are both directional activational aspects motivation, (i.e. speed vigour instigation persistence behaviour) enabling overcome work-related obstacles or constraints separate them from significant The present review discusses role brain dopamine related circuits in activation, exertion effort instrumental behaviour, effort-related decision-making, based upon animal human studies. Impairments activation associated with psychiatric symptoms such anergia, fatigue, lassitude psychomotor retardation, cross pathologies, including depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, this also attempts provide an interdisciplinary approach integrates findings basic neuroscience, economics, clinical neuropsychology, psychiatry, neurology, coherent framework future research theory field. Although systems part circuitry regulating effort, mesolimbic only one distributed includes neurotransmitters areas. Overall, striking similarity between areas involved processes rodents humans. Animal models decision-making highly translatable humans, emerging body evidence indicates alterations effort-based evident several neurological disorders. People major disease show biases towards lower effort. Translational studies linking models, volunteers, populations greatly expanding our knowledge about basis motivational dysfunction, it hoped will ultimately lead improved treatment psychiatry neurology. Salamone et al . neuroscience research, focused on mechanisms decision making, consider origins impairments psychopathology.

Language: Английский

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Self-Control as Value-Based Choice

Current Directions in Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 26(5), P. 422 - 428

Published: Oct. 1, 2017

Self-control is often conceived as a battle between “hot” impulsive processes and “cold” deliberative ones. Heeding the angel on one shoulder leads to success; following demon other failure. feels like duality. What if that sensation misleading, despite how they feel, self-control decisions are just any choice? We argue form of value-based choice wherein options assigned subjective value decision made through dynamic integration process. articulate model can capture its phenomenology account for relevant behavioral neuroscientific data. This conceptualization links divergent scientific approaches, allows more robust precise hypothesis testing, suggests novel pathways improve self-control.

Language: Английский

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Motivation and cognitive control in depression

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 102, P. 371 - 381

Published: May 27, 2019

Language: Английский

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