Long COVID or Post-COVID-19 Condition: Past, Present and Future Research Directions

Microorganisms, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(12), P. 2959 - 2959

Published: Dec. 11, 2023

The presence of symptoms after an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (long-COVID) has become a worldwide healthcare emergency but remains underestimated and undertreated due to lack recognition the condition knowledge underlying mechanisms. In fact, prevalence post-COVID ranges from 50% during first months up 20% two-years after. This perspective review aimed map existing literature on identify gaps in guide global effort toward improved understanding long-COVID suggest future research directions. There is plethora symptomatology that can be COVID-19; however, today, there no clear classification definition this condition, termed or post-COVID-19 condition. heterogeneity led groups/clusters patients, which could exhibit different risk factors Viral persistence, long-lasting inflammation, immune dysregulation, autoimmune reactions, reactivation latent infections, endothelial dysfunction alteration gut microbiota have been proposed as potential mechanisms explaining complexity long-COVID. such equation, viral biology (e.g., re-infections, variants), host genetics, epigenetics) external vaccination) should also considered. These various will discussed current directions suggested.

Language: Английский

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Spike specific IgG3 and nucleocapsid IgG response in serum serve as distinguishing immunological markers between SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16

Published: March 27, 2025

Background Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines elicit immunological responses. However, it is difficult to distinguish responses generated after vaccination versus natural infection. Methods We investigated spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) nucleocapsid-specific IgG RBD specific subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 IgG4) using ELISA in four different groups; (1) patients (n=39) with varying disease severity (2) vaccinated individuals (n=24, both adenovirus/mRNA based) (3) (4) experienced breakthrough (n=14), Bangladesh. Results vaccinees developed robust RBD-specific In contrast, nucleocapsid were found but not vaccine recipients. A distinct subclass antibody response was observed compared COVID-19-vaccinated individuals. Specifically, exhibited elevated levels of IgG1 IgG3, dominating the early phase (days 1-7) followed by a subsequent increase IgG1. Conversely, predominantly induced without concurrent rise IgG3. This effect more evident when significant who received 90 days following infection, we an All these findings collectively indicate that induces IgG1, whereas can subclasses. Conclusion The highlight as well crucial markers for differentiating between suggest assays have utility longitudinal monitoring vaccinations establishing correlates protection.

Language: Английский

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Bronchoalveolar lavage single-cell transcriptomics reveals immune dysregulations driving COVID-19 severity

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 20(2), P. e0309880 - e0309880

Published: Feb. 10, 2025

The continuous threats posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, including emergence of potentially more infectious and deadly variants, necessitate ongoing studies to uncover novel detailed mechanisms driving disease severity. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we conducted a secondary data analysis bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from COVID-19 patients varying severities healthy controls comprehensively examine immune responses. We observed significant cell alterations correlating with In severe cases, macrophages showed upregulation pro-inflammatory genes TNFα IL1β, contributing inflammation tissue damage. Neutrophils exhibited increased activation, marked S100A8, CXCL8, IL1β expression, extended viability reduced phagocytosis. Genes such as MCL1 HIF1α supported viability, while MSR1 MRC1 indicated Enhanced formation neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) clearance, NET-associated markers, were linked thrombo-inflammation organ Both neutrophils in cases impaired efferocytosis, decreased expression TREM2 downregulation FCGR3B neutrophils, leading accumulation apoptotic cells exacerbating inflammation. characterized M1 high milder had M2 elevated PPARγ. Dendritic (DCs) proportions attenuated MHC class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86), alongside cytochrome c indicating antigen presentation enhanced apoptosis. NK T demonstrated altered receptor gene activation markers IFNγ ISG15, suggesting paradoxical state exhaustion. This highlights critical role dysregulated neutrophil, macrophage, dendritic cell, NK, responses identifying potential therapeutic targets providing insights into disease.

Language: Английский

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Durability of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination

Seminars in Immunology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 73, P. 101884 - 101884

Published: May 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Antibody drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2: Time for a rethink?

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 176, P. 116900 - 116900

Published: June 10, 2024

Language: Английский

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The trend of phylogenetic and epitope variations of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-lineages in Iran

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 29, 2025

Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a significant public health issue worldwide in recent years. The most recently circulating variant of SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, and its rapid evolution into various sub-lineages have raised concerns regarding the effects immunity on virus epitopes, human population. present study evaluated compared these important variations among different Omicron Iran. Methodology From October 2023 to August 2024, high coverage whole genome sequences 49 SARS-CoV-2 strains were subjected phylogenetic analysis evaluation B cell, CD4 + , CD8 T cell epitopes Iran National Influenza Centre. Results tree exhibited eight Nextstrain clades (21L, 22F, 23B, 23H, 23D, 24A, 24B, 24C) 48 studied strains, one recombinant strain (XDK.1). all revealed 31, 65, 78%, conservation, respectively. low conservation rate underscored escaping from neutralizing humoral immunity. considerably preserved across major sub-lineages. Conservation levels varied based epitope class (higher for vs. ), protein non-spike spike), 21L, 24B 24A 24C). Conclusion Herein, increased is probably attributable shorter length peptides associated with epitopes. T-cell proteins this highlighted importance cell-mediated suggested that might be more attractive targets future vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Naive and Memory B Cell BCR Repertoires in Individuals Immunized with an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 393 - 393

Published: April 8, 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred a global race for preventive vaccine, with few becoming available just one year after describing this novel coronavirus disease. Among these are inactivated virus vaccines like CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech), which used in several countries to reduce the pandemic's effects. However, its use was associated low protection, particularly against variants that quickly appeared following months. Vaccines play crucial role activating immune system combat infections, Memory B-cells being key part of mechanism, eliciting protective neutralizing antibodies. This work focused on studying B-cell memory repertoire two consecutive doses CoronaVac. were isolated from five vaccinated and pre-pandemic individuals subsequently stimulated vitro before high-throughput Illumina sequencing Heavy Chain Variable repertoire. We observed shift VH increased HCDR3 length enrichment IGVH 3-23, 3-30, 3-7, 3-72, 3-74 IgA BCRs IGHV 4-39 4-59 IgG BCRs. A high expansion IgA-specific clonal populations relative controls, accompanied by shared variable heavy chain (VH) sequences among B cells across different vaccine recipients clones also compared sharing between vaccines. Moreover, convergence vaccinees SARS-CoV-2 antibody found CoV-abDab database. These data show ability elicit antibodies characteristics similar those previously identified as antibodies, supporting efficacy. Furthermore, analysis immunological context viral infections reinforces importance immunization generating convergent antiviral response.

Language: Английский

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Quantifying temporal differences in the induction of interferon-mediated signalling observed in a dengue virus 1 human infection model: insights from longitudinal proteome analysis

EBioMedicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 115, P. 105728 - 105728

Published: April 26, 2025

Language: Английский

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The viral oncogenesis of COVID-19 and its impact on cancer progression, long-term risks, treatment complexities, and research strategies

Exploration of Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: April 28, 2025

The interaction between cancer and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses significant challenges, particularly for immunocompromised individuals who are at heightened risk acute infections long-term complications. pandemic has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities in care by disrupting treatment protocols delaying diagnoses, leading to worsened health outcomes. This article emphasizes the importance of investigating potential impact severe respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on progression highlights need effective strategies protect this high-risk population. Long-term consequences, including emergence long COVID, further emphasize ongoing surveillance comprehensive healthcare planning patients during after pandemics. A multifaceted approach is essential, incorporating vaccination, timely therapeutic interventions, sustained support with lingering symptoms. also discusses urges continued research into oncogenic risks associated SARS-CoV-2, which crucial enhancing our understanding broader implications COVID-19 informing public aimed safeguarding future Moreover, data collection development refined clinical guidelines vital improving patient outcomes preparing systems crises. Additionally, mechanisms SARS-CoV-2 may increase susceptibility, chronic inflammation, cellular senescence, immune dysregulation. Understanding these elucidating virus’s potential, among survivors infections. Ensuring continuity resilience global crises requires mitigate disruptions, enhance access screenings treatments, address specific challenges faced experiencing COVID.

Language: Английский

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Activation of immuno-inflammatory response in patients with coronavirus disease (literature review)

Inter Collegas, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: March 31, 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global challenge. Community-acquired pneumonia associated with is still one of most challenging medical problems. It especially important to study pathogenesis Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and its relationship various inflammatory processes that occur in setting coronavirus infection. aim this was analyze CAP develops against background COVID-19, mechanisms immune response, their impact on patient's body, identify possible approaches diagnosis treatment disease. following materials research methods were used study: review scientific sources peculiarities cytokine storm endothelial dysfunction pathology. authors analyzed studies, turn, an analysis markers (C-reactive protein, D-dimer, cytokines). They report patients developing have activation neutrophil chain significant increase level proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α. These lead development severe reaction lungs diffuse alveolar damage, which turn leads acute respiratory failure. been noted excessive D-dimer release key indicator these complications. Prediction forms disease based other can be tool for early detection risk complications patients. Thus, it found order improve prognosis patients, necessary use monitoring individualise therapeutic strategies correct system disorders. Keywords: community-acquired pneumonia, storm, thromboembolism.

Language: Английский

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