Tropical and Boreal Forest – Atmosphere Interactions: A Review

Tellus B, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 74(1), P. 24 - 24

Published: March 25, 2022

This review presents how the boreal and tropical forests affect atmosphere, its chemical composition, function, further that affects climate and, in return, ecosystems through feedback processes. Observations from key tower sites standing out due to their long-term comprehensive observations: The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory Central Amazonia, Zotino Siberia, Station Measure Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations at Hyytiäla Finland. is complemented by short-term observations networks large experiments. discusses atmospheric chemistry observations, aerosol formation processing, physiochemical aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei properties finds surprising similarities important differences two ecosystems. concentrations are similar, particularly concerning main components, both dominated an organic fraction, while ecosystem has generally higher of inorganics, influence long-range transported air pollution. emissions biogenic volatile compounds isoprene monoterpene regions, respectively, being precursors fraction. modeling studies show change deforestation such carbon hydrological cycles Amazonia changing neutrality precipitation downwind. In Africa, so far maintaining sink. It urgent better understand interaction between these major ecosystems, climate, which calls for more observation sites, providing data on water, carbon, other biogeochemical cycles. essential finding a sustainable balance forest preservation reforestation versus potential increase food production biofuels, critical services global stability. Reducing warming vital forests.

Language: Английский

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Composition and volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from oxidation of real tree emissions compared to simplified volatile organic compound (VOC) systems

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 20(9), P. 5629 - 5644

Published: May 13, 2020

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important constituent of the atmosphere where SOA particles are formed chiefly by condensation or reactive uptake oxidation products volatile compounds (VOCs). The mass yield in particle formation, as well chemical composition and volatility particles, determined identity VOC precursor(s) conditions they experience. In this study, we used flow reactor to generate biogenic from Scots pine emissions. Mass yields, were characterized compared with α-pinene a mixture acyclic–monocyclic sesquiterpenes (farnesenes bisabolenes), which significant components yields for emissions dominated farnesenes lower than but higher artificial bisabolenes. reduction farnesene- bisabolene-dominated mixtures due exocyclic C=C bond scission these during ozonolysis leading smaller generally more products. had similar either single precursor simple VOCs. Applying physical stress plants increased their monoterpene, especially monocyclic β-phellandrene, emissions, further decreased yield. Our results highlight need account complexity structure real-world stress-induced changes plant when modelling production properties atmosphere. These emphasize that increase decrease relative monoterpene sesquiterpene should not be indicator volatility.

Language: Английский

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Unravelling the functions of biogenic volatiles in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems

European Journal of Forest Research, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 138(5), P. 763 - 787

Published: July 29, 2019

Living trees are the main source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in forest ecosystems, but substantial emissions originate from leaf and wood litter, rhizosphere microorganisms. This review focuses on temperate boreal ecosystems roles BVOCs ecosystem function, to canopy soil atmosphere level. Moreover, emphasis is given question how will help forests adapt environmental stress, particularly biotic stress related climate change. Trees use their vascular system internal communication, emitted have extended communication tree population whole community levels beyond. Future forestry practices should consider importance attraction repulsion attacking bark beetles, also take an advantage herbivore-induced improve efficiency natural enemies herbivores. extensively involved services provided by including positive effects human health. a key role ozone formation quenching. Oxidation products form secondary aerosols that disperse sunlight deeper into canopy, affect cloud ultimately climate. We discuss technical side reliable BVOC sampling for future interdisciplinary studies bridge gaps between sciences, health chemical ecology, conservation biology, physiology atmospheric science.

Language: Английский

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Significance of the organic aerosol driven climate feedback in the boreal area

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Sept. 24, 2021

Abstract Aerosol particles cool the climate by scattering solar radiation and acting as cloud condensation nuclei. Higher temperatures resulting from increased greenhouse gas levels have been suggested to lead biogenic secondary organic aerosol nuclei concentrations creating a negative feedback mechanism. Here, we present direct observations on this mechanism utilizing collocated long term chemical composition measurements remote sensing properties. Summer time loadings showed clear increase with temperature, simultaneous in concentration boreal forest environment. Remote revealed change properties an reflectivity concert increasing area. The results provide observational evidence significance of

Language: Английский

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Sources and sinks driving sulfuric acid concentrations in contrasting environments: implications on proxy calculations

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 20(20), P. 11747 - 11766

Published: Oct. 19, 2020

Abstract. Sulfuric acid has been shown to be a key driver for new particle formation and subsequent growth in various environments, mainly due its low volatility. However, direct measurements of gas-phase sulfuric are oftentimes not available, the current proxies cannot predict, example, nighttime concentrations or result significant discrepancies with measured values. Here, we define sources sinks different environments derive physical proxy utilized locations during periods when it is measured. We used H2SO4 from four locations: Hyytiälä, Finland; Agia Marina, Cyprus; Budapest, Hungary; Beijing, China, representing semi-pristine boreal forest, rural environment Mediterranean area, urban heavily polluted megacity, respectively. The takes into account SO2 via OH oxidation other pathways, specifically stabilized Criegee intermediates. included condensation sink (CS) atmospheric clustering starting dimer formation. Indeed, found that observed concentration can explained by proposed similar coefficients contrasting where have tested it. Thus, more flexible an important improvement over previous proxies. Following recommendations this paper, specific location derived.

Language: Английский

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Terpenes and their oxidation products in the French Landes forest: insights from Vocus PTR-TOF measurements

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 20(4), P. 1941 - 1959

Published: Feb. 21, 2020

Abstract. The capabilities of the recently developed Vocus proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF) are reported for first time based on ambient measurements. With deployment PTR-TOF, we present an overview observed gas-phase (oxygenated) molecules in French Landes forest during summertime 2018 and gain insights into atmospheric oxidation terpenes, which emitted large quantities atmosphere play important roles secondary organic aerosol production. Due to greatly improved detection efficiency compared conventional PTR instruments, PTR-TOF identifies a number signals with elemental composition categories including CH, CHO, CHN, CHS, CHON, CHOS, others. Multiple hydrocarbons detected, carbon numbers up 20. Particularly, report direct observations low-volatility diterpenes air. diurnal cycle is similar that monoterpenes sesquiterpenes but contrary isoprene. Various types terpene reaction products intermediates also characterized. Generally, more oxidized from oxidations show broad peak day due strong photochemical effects, while less oxygenated early morning and/or evening. To evaluate importance different formation pathways chemistry, rates terpenes main oxidants (i.e., hydroxyl radical, OH; ozone, O3; nitrate NO3) calculated. For non-nitrate monoterpene products, their evening peaks have contributions both O3- OH-initiated oxidation. monoterpene-derived nitrates, by O3, OH, NO3 radicals all contribute formation, relative varying considerably over course day. Through detailed analysis this study demonstrates capability wide range remote conditions, highlights its investigating processes.

Language: Английский

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Atmospheric organic vapors in two European pine forests measured by a Vocus PTR-TOF: insights into monoterpene and sesquiterpene oxidation processes

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 21(5), P. 4123 - 4147

Published: March 18, 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric organic vapors play essential roles in the formation of secondary aerosol. Source identification these is thus fundamental to understanding their emission sources and chemical evolution atmosphere further impact on air quality climate change. In this study, a Vocus proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF) was deployed two forested environments, Landes forest southern France boreal Finland, measure atmospheric vapors, including both volatile compounds (VOCs) oxidation products. For first time, we performed binned positive matrix factorization (binPMF) analysis complex spectra acquired with PTR-TOF identified various as well processes atmosphere. Based separate low- high-mass ranges, 15 PMF factors nine Finnish were resolved, showing high similarity between sites. Particularly, terpenes terpene reaction products separated into individual varying degrees, such lightly oxidized from monoterpene sesquiterpene oxidation, monoterpene-derived nitrates, more compounds. Factors representing monoterpenes dominated biogenic VOCs forests, lower contributions isoprene factors. products, nitrates monoterpenes/sesquiterpenes accounted for 8 %–12 % measured gas-phase forests. interpretation results relating processes, insights gained regarding reactions. example, strong relative humidity (RH) dependence found behavior High concentrations only occur at RH; yet similar not observed

Language: Английский

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Volatile organic compounds as mediators of plant communication and adaptation to climate change

Physiologia Plantarum, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 174(6)

Published: Nov. 1, 2022

Abstract Plant volatile organic compounds are the most abundant and structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites. They play a key role in lifespan via direct indirect defenses, attracting pollinators, mediating various interactions between plants their environment. The ecological diversity context‐dependence of plant–plant communication driven by volatiles crucial elements that influence performance different habitats. also valued for multiple applications food, flavor, pharmaceutical, cosmetics industries. In current review, we summarize recent advances have elucidated functions as mediators interaction at community individual levels, highlighting complexities receiver feedback to signals cues. This review emphasizes terpenoids, class compounds, adaptability global climate change stress‐response pathways integral growth survival. Finally, identify research gaps suggest future directions.

Language: Английский

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High emission rates and strong temperature response make boreal wetlands a large source of isoprene and terpenes

Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(4), P. 2683 - 2698

Published: Feb. 27, 2023

Abstract. Wetlands cover only 3 % of the global land surface area, but boreal wetlands are experiencing an unprecedented warming four times average. These emit isoprene and terpenes (including monoterpenes (MT), sesquiterpenes (SQT), diterpenes (DT)), which climate-relevant highly reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) with exponential dependence on temperature. In this study, we present ecosystem-scale eddy covariance (EC) fluxes isoprene, MT, SQT, DT (hereafter referred to together as terpenes) at Siikaneva, a fen in southern Finland, from start peak growing season 2021 (19 May 28 June 2021). first EC reported using novel state-of-the-art Vocus proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (Vocus-PTR) first-ever for DTs wetland. Isoprene was dominant compound emitted by wetland, followed MTs, SQTs, DTs, they all exhibited strong temperature dependence. The Q10 values, factor terpene emissions increases every 10 ∘C rise temperature, were up five higher than those used most BVOC models. During campaign, air peaked above 31 21–22 2021, is abnormally high environments, maximum flux coincided period. We observed that elevated after “high-temperature stress period”, indicating past temperatures alter significantly. standardized emission (EF) (EFiso) 11.1 ± 0.3 nmol m−2 s−1, least two previous studies factors typical broadleaf other forests lower latitudes. EFMT 2.4 0.1 EFSQT 1.3 0.03 needle leaf tree functional types, EFDT 0.011 0.001 s−1. also compared landscape average model gases aerosols nature (MEGAN) v2.1 found underestimated over 9 300 800 SQTs. Our results show due very EFs sensitivity increasing temperatures, these high-latitude ecosystems can be large source atmosphere, anthropogenic could induce much future.

Language: Английский

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Plant Molecular Phenology and Climate Feedbacks Mediated by BVOCs

Annual Review of Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 75(1), P. 605 - 627

Published: Feb. 22, 2024

Climate change profoundly affects the timing of seasonal activities organisms, known as phenology. The impact climate is not unidirectional; it also influenced by plant phenology plants modify atmospheric composition and climatic processes. One important aspect this interaction emission biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which link Earth's surface, atmosphere, climate. BVOC emissions exhibit significant diurnal variations are therefore considered essential phenological traits. To understand dynamic equilibrium arising from interplay between climate, review presents recent advances in comprehending molecular mechanisms underpinning its with We provide an overview studies investigating phenology, genome-wide gene expression analyses conducted natural environments, how these revolutionize concept shifting observable traits to responses driven gene-environment interactions. explain knowledge can be scaled up encompass populations, regions, even globe establishing connections changes distribution, species composition,

Language: Английский

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