Hydrological Processes, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 37(11)

Published: Nov. 1, 2023

New observational field data have repeatedly been the source of breakthroughs in science, allowing us to learn about things we had not thinking or hypothesized beforehand (Pfister & Kirchner, 2017). For example, increasingly sophisticated field-deployable instruments helped shed light on previously unknown features catchment functioning, such as high-frequency measurements sediment, solutes, and isotopes stream water (e.g., Floury et al., 2017; von Freyberg 2017), continuous sap flow (Granier, 1987), in-situ monitoring isotopic composition tree xylem (Marshall 2020) soil (Volkmann Weiler, 2014), imaging subsurface structure infiltration pathways with electrical resistivity tomography Gourdol 2021; Scaini time-lapse mapping surface-saturation dynamics thermal infrared imagery Glaser 2018; Pfister 2010). Innovative hypotheses generated from novel, integrative, observations offer potential free hydrological concepts restrictions typical datasets. In parallel, recent progress technological development instrumentation has ultimately also revealed more complex landscape heterogeneity. While general organizing principles proposed for coming grips river basins (Loritz Zehe deciphering this heterogeneity remains an important challenge. A major difficulty lies understanding similarities contrasts between hydrologic processes occurring over a wide range spatial temporal scales varying by multiple orders magnitude (Dooge, 2005), e.g., molecules (10−10 m) watershed scale (103 seconds millennia. The drama is that could instrument our catchments point littering, still miss out were looking for. Here, propose use so-called undercranking filming technique (also known photography) go further diagnosing complexity Undercranking consists taking fewer frames camera speeding up action during playback. This offers placing individual wider context, delivering unprecedented view interplay characteristics vegetation cover, soils, topography) functioning storage flux dynamics)—all constantly evolving, but at (very) different time scales. Improving how evolve key better anticipation future trajectories (for under changing climate). We focused Weierbach experimental (WEC)—an interdisciplinary Critical Zone observatory dedicated study hydrological, hydro-geochemical, eco-hydrological processes. Long-term protocols WEC relate fluxes physico-chemical parameters within compartments Zone. rainfall-runoff response characterized strong seasonality—pronounced summer low flows (including occasionally dry periods) winter high flows—resulting (Hissler 2021). installed wildlife (RECONYX Hyperfire 2 Professional White Flash Camera) WEC. device was pointed towards hillslope-riparian zone-stream continuum near v-notch equipped recording gauge. Full colour night photos obtained LED illumination reaches 30 m (3 MP standard image resolution). Images recorded every 15 min December 2020 July 2022 (the requiring only monthly battery changes). nearly 58 000 assembled form single motion picture. An accelerated playback video shows events took place slowly riparian zone. first sequence, display high-speed aggregate taken noon 20 months. second sequence aggregated pictures min, slower rendering various parallel independently (Table 1). Both videos are accompanied graphs hourly precipitation (mm/h), air temperature (°C), global radiation (W/m2), stem radial growth (increase maximum radius, μm), deficit (deviations past moisture (volumetric percent 10, 20, 40 60 cm depths), groundwater level zone (m), stage (cm). horizontal series plot above displays recordings moisture, levels, precipitation, moving marker indicating position current frame. On right, three additional plots detailed diurnal variations selected variables 5 days before after These include (top), (middle), ground-water level, (bottom). vertical axes span minimum each series, whereas actual values corresponding frame shown legend box placed top right video. [00:17] [01:17] 12th March 2021 [07:48] 20th [08:19] 14th [16:02] 15th [16:08] 07th June [13:36] 27th [14:55] May [12:52] [13:35] 10th [38:07] [38:46] April [10:03] 30th [11:02] 5th January [03:24] [04:23] 7th February [05:36] [06:07] Below, refer scenes sub-scenes exemplify They identified their stamps, which can be easily accessed clicking chapters description available https://youtu.be/74S7DfT7Uhs. Note all described detail contribution. Our selection guided following criteria: (i) wetness state catchment, expressed through periods, (ii) representativeness knowledge gained prior research (iii) genuine original character observations. [start 00:17–end 01:17] reveals comprehensive winter, spring, autumn seasons cohort gradually feedback mechanisms (Figure temperatures below zero several snowfall events—triggering slow gradual snow-fed recharge (recorded probes wells). Balmy weather spring comes onset leaf sprout recession levels hydrographs. summer, most dynamic (exhibiting signals almost growth), while discharge along successive wet sequences. With cooler autumn, abscission commences, enters dormant season, system switches rain-fed state. 20-months long seasonal pulse representative two decades environmental catchment. network 36 wells seven piezometers creek across conditions (Bonanno contrasting responses rainfall dry, intermediate, controlled decrease capacity fractured bedrock and/or saprolite depth (with roles intensity). During August September 00:40–end 00:47], 01:14–end 01:17]), low, direction typically large anisotropy hydraulic conductivity characterizes bedrock. increasing wetness, near-stream rise, directions competing influence upslope-footslope connectivity streamwater 00:37–end 00:40]). November 00:49–end 00:53]), when hillslope-stream restored, hyporheic compressed movement hillslope stream, advection in-stream turbulences become primary controlling channel 2022, 2023). observed exchange adjacent significant implications solute nutrient transport reach Leaf October 00:46–end 00:49]) subsequent litter degradation significantly contribute stock nutrients trees regulated biotic abiotic factors—such community decomposing organisms, incident light, (Montemagno 2022; Tagliavini 2007). sub-scene 2.1.a, spanning 07:48–end 08:19], perfect illustration occurrence double-peak hydrograph 2). peak (loaded sediment inferred brownish water) coincides event, hours even later broader, delayed negligible load, suggested now transparent observed. Double hydrographs regularly occur conditions, reached threshold required upslope locations. behaviour apparent simultaneous (Martínez-Carreras, Hissler, 2016). double hydrographs, increases subsequently leads Single quickly flowing pulses. 2.1.b, 16:02–end 16:08], nicely illustrates mainly occurs peaks, mobilization bed sediments originating highly enriched organic matter Schwab, Suspended concentrations much lower peaks because they dominated contributions groundwater. Time-lapse photography suggests images infer suspended surface, recently Ghorbani al. (2020). Along similar lines, may inform changes content) origin Martínez-Carreras 2010) runoff events. frequently undergoes phases pronounced runs dry. extreme links discharge, signals, uptake, clearly 3). As 2.2.a (7th 13:36–end 14:55]), daily minima afternoon evapotranspiration—also recordings. Even occurred growing season diel fluctuations table beneath streambed 38:47–end 41:10]. linked uptake vegetation, consisting 2021): alders—a species thrives areas—and beeches domain. result, certain sections undergo transitions gaining losing relation groundwater, depending antecedent evapotranspiration Diel many streams attributed cycle (Wondzell rhythmic movements herbaceous plants (sub-scene 2.2.b, 12:52–end 13:35]), unlikely triggered drivers consistent circadian driven internal, genetic clock documented plant (Müller Jiménez-Gómez, exception lowering leaves 22nd 7:30 onwards obviously wind blasts, kinetic energy precipitation). very thickness, late maxima stress (Zweifel Häsler, 2001). sunflecks forest floor 2.2.c, 38:07–end 38:46]) example exposition sudden heat (Schymanski 2013). Diurnal budget patterns trees. (μm) (TWD) spruce located monitored using band dendrometer. TWD, i.e., difference radius full hydration (Zweifel, 2016), day 14:55]) progressive depletion elastic tissues (Dietrich 2018). When transpiration ceases night, rehydration due root causes re-expansion diameter TWD decreases. fluctuation content (Fabiani 2022) confirms relevance storage, mediates demand availability. periods day-time 2.2.d, 10:03–end 11:02]), opposed active 4). signal explained upper layer (Schwab day, higher eventually warms water, turn reduction viscosity increase conductivity. sometimes result effects instrumentation, evidence here thus helps eliminate false interpretation fluctuating data. months, times prolonged below-freezing ground temperatures, swelling. needle ice formed soft 2.3.a, 03:24–end 04:23], 2.3.b 05:36–end 06:07]). cold spells, recessions 5). Because formation, soils rise 10 cm. phenomenon forming drawn pores, requires specific texture well (Outcalt, 1971). Needle forms surface disturbs it, greatly availability fluvial (Lawler, 1993) potentially uprooting 1988). decades, undergoing extensive campaigns, alongside high-resolution sensing programmes. Altogether, these initiatives contributed substantially improve involved Weierbach's fundamental functions collection, mixing release. improved step perceptual model catchment's modus operandi Hissler Martínez-Carreras, 2016; Wrede 2015) associated co-evolve seasons, into longer spans climate change), fragmented. other words, adding arranging puzzle pieces, found picture than anticipated. Consequently, do yet fully-fledged simulate manifold factors work. sensors provide information cessation processes, lack importance. thousands min—spanning contrasted states—provides entirely new vistas respect. Certain visible otherwise overlooked, especially set (and operated Therefore, alternative starting hypothesis framing testing. freeze–thaw telling regard, demonstrating cameras deployed complement sensors, (largely underrated underused) scientists' human sensory cognitive aptitudes (Van Stan Finally, useful checking sensor readings validation process combination four-season-long multi-parameter dataset offering perspective 'bringing it together' 2005)—providing innovative opportunity combining 'soft' 'hard' improving dialogue hydrologists ecophysiologists (Cocozza Penna, 2022), experimentalists modellers (Seibert McDonnell, 2002). plan continue years, believe headwater 'terminus quo' 'catchment framing'—as achieved via geomorphological biota, anthropogenic activities management). findings pave way plasticity optimality-based models evolution dynamics. latter considering accounting intrinsic non-stationary (or non-rigid) catchments—as prerequisite reducing uncertainties assessment changed climate. support openly Experimental Catchment (WEC) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537700.

Language: Английский