A new comprehensive eye-tracking test battery concurrently evaluating the Pupil Labs glasses and the EyeLink 1000

PeerJ, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 7, P. e7086 - e7086

Published: July 9, 2019

Eye-tracking experiments rely heavily on good data quality of eye-trackers. Unfortunately, it is often the case that only spatial accuracy and precision values are available from manufacturers. These two alone not sufficient to serve as a benchmark for an eye-tracker: deteriorates during experimental session due head movements, changing illumination or calibration decay. Additionally, different paradigms require analysis types eye movements; instance, smooth pursuit blinks microsaccades, which themselves cannot readily be evaluated by using alone. To obtain more comprehensive description properties, we developed extensive eye-tracking test battery. In 10 tasks, related measures such as: decay accuracy, fixation durations, pupil dilation, movement, microsaccade classification, blink influence motion. For some measures, true theoretical exist. others, relative comparison reference eye-tracker needed. Therefore, collected our gaze simultaneously remote EyeLink 1000 compared with mobile Pupil Labs glasses. As expected, average 0.57° was better than 0.82° glasses (N = 15). Furthermore, classified less fixations shorter saccade durations Similarly, found fewer microsaccades The over time decayed slightly 1000, but strongly Finally, observed measured diameters differed between eye-trackers individual subject level group level. conclude, battery offers tasks allow us many parameters interest in stereotypical situations addresses common source confounds measurement errors (e.g., yaw roll movements). All recorded (including Labs' videos), stimulus code battery, modular pipeline freely (https://github.com/behinger/etcomp).

Language: Английский

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Beyond Self-Report: A Review of Physiological and Neuroscientific Methods to Investigate Consumer Behavior

Frontiers in Psychology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Sept. 7, 2018

The current paper investigates the value and application of a range physiological neuroscientific techniques in applied marketing research consumer science, highlighting new insights from social psychology neuroscience. We review measures sweat secretion, heart rate, facial muscle activity, eye movements, electrical brain using including skin conductance, pupillometry, eyetracking magnetic imaging. For each measure, after brief explanation underlying technique, we illustrate concepts mechanisms that measure allows researchers science to investigate, with focus on attitudes behavior. By providing reviews recent these methods relevant related fields, also highlight methodological theoretical strengths limitations, an emphasis ecological validity. argue inclusion can advance by into often unconscious Therefore, such technologies help practitioners understand behavior improve predictions

Language: Английский

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GazeR: A Package for Processing Gaze Position and Pupil Size Data

Behavior Research Methods, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 52(5), P. 2232 - 2255

Published: April 9, 2020

Language: Английский

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Eye pupil signals information gain

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 286(1911), P. 20191593 - 20191593

Published: Sept. 18, 2019

In conditions of constant illumination, the eye pupil diameter indexes modulation arousal state and responds to a large breadth cognitive processes, including mental effort, attention, surprise, decision biases, value beliefs, uncertainty, volatility, exploitation/exploration trade-off, or learning rate. Here, I propose an information theoretic framework that has potential explain ensemble these findings as reflecting pupillary response processing. short, updates brain's internal model, quantified formally Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between prior posterior would be common denominator all instances dilation cognition. show stimulus presentation leads is proportional amount carries about itself quantity it provides other task variables. context making, in relation uncertainty explained by wandering evidence accumulation process, leading summed KL divergences. Finally, effort variations tonic size are also formalized terms theory. On basis this framework, compare data from past studies simple information-theoretic simulations designs good correspondance with across studies. The present unify set results reported on cognition provide theory guide future research.

Language: Английский

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Statistical learning attenuates visual activity only for attended stimuli

eLife, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Aug. 23, 2019

Perception and behavior can be guided by predictions, which are often based on learned statistical regularities. Neural responses to expected stimuli frequently found attenuated after learning. However, whether this sensory attenuation following learning occurs automatically or depends attention remains unknown. In the present fMRI study, we exposed human volunteers sequentially presented object stimuli, in first predicted identity of second object. We observed a reliable neural activity for compared unexpected ventral visual stream. Crucially, was only apparent when were attended, vanished directed away from predictable objects. These results put important constraints neurocomputational theories that cast perception as process probabilistic integration prior knowledge information.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Motivation as a Factor in Mental Fatigue

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 61(7), P. 1171 - 1185

Published: Feb. 28, 2019

The aim of this study was to assess motivation as a factor in mental fatigue using subjective, performance, and physiological measures.Sustained performance on mentally demanding task can decrease over time. This decrement has two possible causes: decline available resources, meaning that cannot be sustained, motivation, willingness sustain performance. However, so far, few experimental paradigms have effectively continuously manipulated which is essential understand its effect fatigue.Twenty participants performed working memory with 14 blocks, alternated between reward nonreward for 2.5 hr. In the monetary rewards could gained good Besides reaction time accuracy, we used measures (heart rate variability, pupil diameter, eyeblink, eye movements video distractor) subjective effort.Participants reported becoming fatigued invested more effort blocks. Even though they fatigue, their accuracy blocks remained constant but declined Furthermore, became distractable, less cognitive effort, blinked often, made fewer saccades. These results showed an fatigue.The evidence suggests important explaining effects fatigue.

Language: Английский

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Coupling of pupil- and neuronal population dynamics reveals diverse influences of arousal on cortical processing

eLife, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Feb. 8, 2022

Fluctuations in arousal, controlled by subcortical neuromodulatory systems, continuously shape cortical state, with profound consequences for information processing. Yet, how arousal signals influence population activity detail has so far only been characterized a few selected brain regions. Traditional accounts conceptualize as homogeneous modulator of neural across the cerebral cortex. Recent insights, however, point to higher specificity effects on different components and Here, we provide comprehensive account relationships between fluctuations neuronal human brain. Exploiting established link pupil size central performed concurrent magnetoencephalographic (MEG) pupillographic recordings large number participants, pooled three laboratories. We found cascade relative peak timing spontaneous dilations: Decreases low-frequency (2–8 Hz) temporal lateral frontal cortex, followed increased high-frequency (>64 mid-frontal regions, monotonic inverted U intermediate frequency-range (8–32 occipito-parietal Pupil-linked also coincided widespread changes structure aperiodic component activity, indicative excitation-inhibition balance underlying microcircuits. Our results novel basis studying modulation cognitive computations circuits.

Language: Английский

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Publication guidelines and recommendations for pupillary measurement in psychophysiological studies

Psychophysiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 59(4)

Published: March 22, 2022

A variety of psychological and physical phenomena elicit variations in the diameter pupil eye. Changes size are mediated by relative activation sphincter pupillae muscle (decrease diameter) dilator (increase diameter), innervated parasympathetic sympathetic branches, respectively, autonomic nervous system. The current guidelines intended to inform guide psychophysiological research involving measurement (1) summarizing important aspects concerning physiology pupil, (2) providing methodological data-analytic recommendations, (3) briefly reviewing that modulate pupillary reactivity. Because increased ease tractability measurement, goal these is promote accurate recording, analysis, reporting data research.

Language: Английский

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A unified model of the task-evoked pupil response

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 8(16)

Published: April 20, 2022

The pupil dilates and reconstricts following task events. It is popular to model this task-evoked response as a linear transformation of event-locked impulses, whose amplitudes are used estimates arousal. We show that incorrect propose an alternative based on the physiological finding common neural input drives saccades size. arousal from our agreed with key predictions: Arousal scaled difficulty behavioral performance but was invariant small differences in trial duration. Moreover, offers unified explanation for wide range phenomena: entrainment size timing, modulation amplitude noise difficulty, reaction time-dependent timing amplitude, constrictory time-locked saccades, task-dependent distortion saccade-locked response.

Language: Английский

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From pre-processing to advanced dynamic modeling of pupil data

Behavior Research Methods, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 56(3), P. 1376 - 1412

Published: June 22, 2023

The pupil of the eye provides a rich source information for cognitive scientists, as it can index variety bodily states (e.g., arousal, fatigue) and processes attention, decision-making). As pupillometry becomes more accessible popular methodology, researchers have proposed techniques analyzing data. Here, we focus on time series-based, signal-to-signal approaches that enable one to relate dynamic changes in size over with stimulus series, continuous behavioral outcome measures, or other participants' traces. We first introduce pupillometry, its neural underpinnings, relation between measurements oculomotor behaviors blinks, saccades), stress importance understanding what is being measured be inferred from pupillary activity. Next, discuss possible pre-processing steps, contexts which they may necessary. Finally, turn analytic techniques, including regression-based approaches, time-warping, phase clustering, detrended fluctuation analysis, recurrence quantification analysis. Assumptions these examples scientific questions each address, are outlined, references key papers software packages. Additionally, provide detailed code tutorial steps through figures this paper. Ultimately, contend insights gained constrained by analysis used, offer means generate novel taking into account understudied spectro-temporal relationships signal signals interest.

Language: Английский

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