Emotion, motivation, decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala

Brain Structure and Function, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 228(5), P. 1201 - 1257

Published: May 13, 2023

The orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are involved in emotion motivation, but the relationship between these functions performed by brain structures is not clear. To address this, a unified theory of motivation described which motivational states instrumental goal-directed actions to obtain rewards or avoid punishers, emotional that elicited when reward punisher received. This greatly simplifies our understanding for same set genes associated systems can define primary unlearned punishers such as sweet taste pain. Recent evidence on connectivity human indicates value experienced with outputs cortical regions including those language, key region depression changes motivation. has weak effective back humans, implicated brainstem-mediated responses stimuli freezing autonomic activity, rather than declarative emotion. anterior cingulate learning rewards, ventromedial prefrontal providing goals navigation reward-related effects memory consolidation mediated partly via cholinergic system.

Language: Английский

---

The Neuropsychology of Anxiety

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 7, 2024

Abstract The Neuropsychology of Anxiety first appeared in 1982 as the volume Oxford Psychology Series, and it quickly established itself classic work on subject. It second edition (appearing 2000) have been cited at a steadily increasing rate passing 500/year 2017. field has continued to expand last quarter century necessitating this third edition. This completely updated revised (with many figures converted colour) retains original core concepts while expanding often simplifying details. includes new chapter prefrontal cortex, which integrates frontal hippocampal views anxiety an extensively modified personality providing basis for further developments Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. book is essential postgraduate students researchers experimental psychology neuroscience, well all clinical psychologists psychiatrists.

Language: Английский

---

Personality Traits in Large Language Models

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 28, 2023

Abstract The advent of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural processing, enabling the generation coherent and contextually relevant text. As LLMs increasingly power conversational agents, synthetic personality embedded in these models, by virtue training on amounts human data, is becoming important. Since a key factor determining effectiveness communication, we present comprehensive method for administering validating tests widely-used LLMs, as well shaping generated text such LLMs. Applying this method, found: 1) measurements outputs some under specific prompting configurations are reliable valid; 2) evidence reliability validity LLM stronger larger instruction fine-tuned models; 3) can be shaped along desired dimensions to mimic profiles. We discuss application ethical implications measurement particular regarding responsible use

Language: Английский

---

Conscientiousness associated with efficiency of the salience/ventral attention network: Replication in three samples using individualized parcellation

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 272, P. 120081 - 120081

Published: April 1, 2023

Conscientiousness, and related constructs impulsivity self-control, have been to structural functional properties of regions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) anterior insula. Network-based conceptions brain function suggest that these belong a single large-scale network, labeled salience/ventral attention network (SVAN). The current study tested associations between conscientiousness resting-state connectivity this using two community samples (N's = 244 239) data from Human Connectome Project (N 1000). Individualized parcellation was used improve localization accuracy facilitate replication. Functional measured an index efficiency, graph theoretical measure quantifying capacity for parallel information transfer within network. Efficiency set parcels SVAN significantly associated with all samples. Findings are consistent theory as variation neural networks underlying effective prioritization goals.

Language: Английский

---

Editorial: an emerging field with bright prospects

Personality Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to content, full HTML content provided on page. A PDF of also in through the 'Save PDF' action button.

Language: Английский

---

The functional neurobiology of negative affective traits across regions, networks, signatures, and a machine learning multiverse

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 20, 2025

Understanding the neural basis of negative affective traits like neuroticism remains a critical challenge across psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Here, we investigate which level brain organization-regions, networks, or validated whole-brain machine-learning signatures-best explains in community sample 458 adults performing two most widely used fMRI tasks, viewing emotional faces scenes. Neuroticism could not be predicted from activity, with Bayesian evidence against all theory-guided measures. However, preregistered models successfully decoded vulnerability to stress, lower-level facet neuroticism, results replicating hold-out sample. The stress pattern demonstrated good psychometric properties indicated that are best represented by distributed patterns related domain-general stimulation rather than localized activity. Together comprehensive multiverse analysis 14 1,176 models- available for exploration an online app-the findings speak simplistic neurobiological theories traits, highlight striking gap between predicting individual differences ( r <.35) within-person states =.88), underscore importance aligning psychological constructs measures at appropriate granularity.

Language: Английский

---

Beyond Increasing Sample Sizes: Optimizing Effect Sizes in Neuroimaging Research on Individual Differences

Published: July 24, 2024

Linking neurobiology to relatively stable individual differences in cognition, emotion, motivation, and behavior can require large sample sizes yield replicable results. Given the nature of between-person research, at least hundreds are likely be necessary most neuroimaging studies differences, regardless whether they investigating whole brain or more focal hypotheses. However, appropriate size depends on expected effect size. Therefore, we propose four strategies increase which may help enable detection effects samples rather than thousands: (1) theoretical matching between tasks behavioral constructs interest; (2) increasing reliability both neural psychological measurement; (3) individualization measures for each participant; (4) using multivariate approaches with cross-validation instead univariate approaches. We discuss challenges associated these methods highlight improvements that will field move toward a robust accessible neuroscience differences.

Language: Английский

---

Cognition and beyond: Intersections of personality traits and language

˜The œPsychology of learning and motivation/˜The œpsychology of learning and motivation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 105 - 148

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

---

Disentangling periodic and aperiodic resting EEG correlates of personality

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 293, P. 120628 - 120628

Published: April 28, 2024

Previous studies of resting electroencephalography (EEG) correlates personality traits have conflated periodic and aperiodic sources EEG signals. Because these are associated with different underlying neural dynamics, disentangling them can avoid measurement confounds clarify findings. In a large sample (N=300), we investigated how activities impacts findings related to two research programs within neuroscience. Study 1 examined associations between Extraversion putative markers reward sensitivity—Left Frontal Alpha asymmetry (LFA) Frontal-Posterior Theta (FPT). 2 used machine learning predict trait scores from EEG. both studies, power each frequency bin was quantified as total separate contributions activity. 1, LFA FPT correlated negatively (r ∼ -.14), but there no relation when were derived only 2, all Big Five could be decoded .20), agreeableness also indices. Taken together, results show separation activity in may Disentangling signals allows for more reliable relating personality, highlights novel explored future research.

Language: Английский

---

Anxiety and personality

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 371 - 430

Published: May 7, 2024

Abstract ‘Anxiety and personality’ links the anxiolytic-derived state neuropsychology of previous chapters to personality traits. Traits are seen as sensitivities structures, goal control systems, more global modulators systems. It lays ground work for seeing psychiatric disorders resulting from one or extreme sensitivities. While main focus is anxiety, it also discusses implications Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) with additional comment on Big 5. reviews issues arising word meanings, evolution, need biomarkers, hierarchical organization, continuity versus discontinuity provides recommendation application work, throughout. distinguishes neuroticism trait a new dopaminergic neurology reinforcement sensitivity, strongly reinforcers, first anxiety disorder biomarker, identifies problems existing RST scales, future neural solutions.

Language: Английский

---