The Neuropsychology of Anxiety

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 7, 2024

Abstract The Neuropsychology of Anxiety first appeared in 1982 as the volume Oxford Psychology Series, and it quickly established itself classic work on subject. It second edition (appearing 2000) have been cited at a steadily increasing rate passing 500/year 2017. field has continued to expand last quarter century necessitating this third edition. This completely updated revised (with many figures converted colour) retains original core concepts while expanding often simplifying details. includes new chapter prefrontal cortex, which integrates frontal hippocampal views anxiety an extensively modified personality providing basis for further developments Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. book is essential postgraduate students researchers experimental psychology neuroscience, well all clinical psychologists psychiatrists.

Language: Английский

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Controversies and progress on standardization of large-scale brain network nomenclature

Network Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 7(3), P. 864 - 905

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Progress in scientific disciplines is accompanied by standardization of terminology. Network neuroscience, at the level macroscale organization brain, beginning to confront challenges associated with developing a taxonomy its fundamental explanatory constructs. The Workgroup for HArmonized Taxonomy NETworks (WHATNET) was formed 2020 as an Organization Human Brain Mapping (OHBM)-endorsed best practices committee provide recommendations on points consensus, identify open questions, and highlight areas ongoing debate service moving field toward standardized reporting network neuroscience results. conducted survey catalog current large-scale brain nomenclature. A few well-known names (e.g., default mode network) dominated responses survey, number illuminating disagreement emerged. We summarize results initial considerations from workgroup. This perspective piece includes selective review this enterprise, including (1) scale, resolution, hierarchies; (2) interindividual variability networks; (3) dynamics nonstationarity (4) consideration affiliations subcortical structures; (5) multimodal information. close minimal guidelines cognitive communities adopt.

Language: Английский

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The Evolved Mind and Modern Education

Published: March 12, 2024

Humans have an extraordinary ability to create evolutionarily novel knowledge, such as writing systems and mathematics.This accumulated knowledge over several millennia supports large, dynamic societies that now require children learn this in educational settings.This Element provides a framework for understanding the evolution of brain enable innovation learning how these can act on human cognitive universals, language, abilities, reading writing.Critical features networks include top-down control attention, which is central formation well self-awareness mental time travel support academic self-concepts generation long-term goals.The basics are reviewed updated here, implications instructional practices.

Language: Английский

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Investigating robust associations between functional connectivity based on graph theory and general intelligence

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Jan. 16, 2024

Abstract Previous research investigating relations between general intelligence and graph-theoretical properties of the brain’s intrinsic functional network has yielded contradictory results. A promising approach to tackle such mixed findings is multi-center analysis. For this study, we analyzed data from four independent sets (total N > 2000) identify robust associations amongst samples g factor scores global as well node-specific graph metrics. On level, showed no significant with efficiency or small-world propensity in any sample, but positive clustering coefficient two samples. elastic-net regressions for nodal local brain areas that exhibited consistent sets. Using identified via regression one sample predict other was not successful only led significant, one-way prediction across efficiency. Thus, using conventional theoretical measures based on resting-state imaging did result replicable connectivity intelligence.

Language: Английский

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Personality expression in body motion dynamics: An enactive, embodied, and complex systems perspective

Journal of Research in Personality, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 110, P. 104495 - 104495

Published: April 24, 2024

We studied body motion dynamics and personality differences using complex systems methods. 105 adults (aged 18–33, 70% women) completed a 15-minute laboratory task covering three self-referencing topics (self-introduction, bodily perception/sensory life, socio-emotional life). Body were extracted from videos frame-by-frame differentiation method. Recurrence Quantification Analysis derived the measures of Determinism, Entropy, Laminarity, Mean-Line. Multilevel models estimated (IPIP-NEO-120) situational effects. Neuroticism predicted lower determinism fluctuating in perception socioemotional life; less complexity stability during topics, increased negative affect. Extraversion regular/deterministic perception. Conscientiousness variability. Agreeableness post-task Findings are discussed within embodied, enactive, systems, frameworks.

Language: Английский

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Anxiety and personality

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 371 - 430

Published: May 7, 2024

Abstract ‘Anxiety and personality’ links the anxiolytic-derived state neuropsychology of previous chapters to personality traits. Traits are seen as sensitivities structures, goal control systems, more global modulators systems. It lays ground work for seeing psychiatric disorders resulting from one or extreme sensitivities. While main focus is anxiety, it also discusses implications Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) with additional comment on Big 5. reviews issues arising word meanings, evolution, need biomarkers, hierarchical organization, continuity versus discontinuity provides recommendation application work, throughout. distinguishes neuroticism trait a new dopaminergic neurology reinforcement sensitivity, strongly reinforcers, first anxiety disorder biomarker, identifies problems existing RST scales, future neural solutions.

Language: Английский

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Beyond Increasing Sample Sizes: Optimizing Effect Sizes in Neuroimaging Research on Individual Differences

Published: July 24, 2024

Linking neurobiology to relatively stable individual differences in cognition, emotion, motivation, and behavior can require large sample sizes yield replicable results. Given the nature of between-person research, at least hundreds are likely be necessary most neuroimaging studies differences, regardless whether they investigating whole brain or more focal hypotheses. However, appropriate size depends on expected effect size. Therefore, we propose four strategies increase which may help enable detection effects samples rather than thousands: (1) theoretical matching between tasks behavioral constructs interest; (2) increasing reliability both neural psychological measurement; (3) individualization measures for each participant; (4) using multivariate approaches with cross-validation instead univariate approaches. We discuss challenges associated these methods highlight improvements that will field move toward a robust accessible neuroscience differences.

Language: Английский

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Controversies and progress on standardization of large-scale brain network nomenclature

Published: March 8, 2022

Progress in scientific disciplines is accompanied by standardization of terminology. Network neuroscience, at the level macro-scale organization brain, beginning to confront challenges associated with developing a taxonomy its fundamental explanatory constructs. The Workgroup for HArmonized Taxonomy NETworks (WHATNET) was formed 2020 as an Organization Human Brain Mapping (OHBM)-endorsed best practices committee provide recommendations on points consensus, identify open questions, and highlight areas ongoing debate service moving field towards standardized reporting network neuroscience results. conducted survey catalog current large-scale brain nomenclature. A few well-known names (e.g., default mode network) dominated responses survey, number illuminating disagreement emerged. We summarize results initial considerations from workgroup. This perspective piece includes selective review this enterprise, including 1) scale, resolution, hierarchies; 2) inter-individual variability networks; 3) dynamics non-stationarity 4) consideration affiliations subcortical structures; 5) multi-modal information. close minimal guidelines cognitive communities adopt.

Language: Английский

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Fundamentals of the septo-hippocampal system

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 241 - 284

Published: May 7, 2024

Abstract ‘Fundamentals of the septo-hippocampal system’ derives a range data principles from an overview sept-hippocampal data. It reviews anxiolytic action on system and behaviour; control rhythmical slow activity (RSA)/‘theta’ activity; relationship to sensory processing, working/active memory, conditioning, emotion. then discusses how approach understanding system, its anatomy, role in long-term memory via mismatch detection. emphasizes important affectively linked neuromodulatory systems hippocampal function; hippocampus at least 70 chemical factors, including corticosterone/cortisol. Its series are solidly based available so all theories should be judged against them. While place severe limits assumptions machinery theory, they not sufficient provide theory themselves.

Language: Английский

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Stable Individual Differences from Dynamic Patterns of Function: Brain Network Flexibility Predicts Openness/Intellect and Intelligence

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 6, 2024

Abstract Growing understanding of the nature brain function has led to increased interest in interpreting properties large-scale networks. Methodological advances network neuroscience provide means decompose these networks into smaller functional communities and measure how they reconfigure over time as an index their dynamic flexible properties. Recent evidence identified associations between flexibility a variety traits pertaining complex cognition including creativity working memory. The present study used measures resting-state connectivity data from Human Connectome Project ( N = 994) test with Openness/Intellect general intelligence, two that involve cognition. Using machine-learning cross-validation approach, we reliable intelligence cohesive parcels large across cortex, overall among communities. These findings are reasonably consistent previous theories neural correlates Openness/Intellect, help expand on behavior within context broader personality dimensions.

Language: Английский

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