Cerebral Cortex,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
30(7), P. 4204 - 4219
Published: Feb. 19, 2020
The
brain
transforms
nociceptive
input
into
a
complex
pain
experience
comprised
of
sensory,
affective,
motivational,
and
cognitive
components.
However,
it
is
still
unclear
how
arises
from
which
networks
coordinate
to
generate
experiences.
We
introduce
new
high-dimensional
mediation
analysis
technique
estimate
distributed,
network-level
patterns
that
formally
mediate
the
relationship
between
stimulus
intensity
pain.
applied
model
large-scale
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
data
(N
=
284),
focusing
on
mediators
noxious
trial-to-trial
variation
in
reports.
identify
both
traditional
pathways
prefrontal,
midbrain,
striatal,
default-mode
regions
unrelated
nociception
standard
analyses.
whole-brain
are
specific
for
versus
aversive
sounds
organized
five
networks.
Brain
predicted
ratings
better
than
previous
measures,
including
neurologic
signature
(Wager
et
al.
2013).
Our
results
provide
broader
view
underlying
experience,
as
well
novel
targets
interventions.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
40(1), P. 373 - 394
Published: April 25, 2017
Dopamine
neurons
facilitate
learning
by
calculating
reward
prediction
error,
or
the
difference
between
expected
and
actual
reward.
Despite
two
decades
of
research,
it
remains
unclear
how
dopamine
make
this
calculation.
Here
we
review
studies
that
tackle
problem
from
a
diverse
set
approaches,
anatomy
to
electrophysiology
computational
modeling
behavior.
Several
patterns
emerge
synthesis:
themselves
calculate
rather
than
inherit
passively
upstream
regions;
they
combine
multiple
separate
redundant
inputs,
which
are
interconnected
in
dense
recurrent
network;
despite
complexity
output
is
remarkably
homogeneous
robust.
The
more
study
simple
arithmetic
computation,
knottier
appears
be,
suggesting
daunting
(but
stimulating)
path
ahead
for
neuroscience
generally.
Serotonin
is
implicated
in
mood
and
affective
disorders.
However,
growing
evidence
suggests
that
a
core
endogenous
role
to
promote
flexible
adaptation
changes
the
causal
structure
of
environment,
through
behavioral
inhibition
enhanced
plasticity.
We
used
long-term
photometric
recordings
mice
study
population
dorsal
raphe
serotonin
neurons,
whose
activity
we
could
link
normal
reversal
learning
using
pharmacogenetics.
found
these
neurons
are
activated
by
both
positive
negative
prediction
errors,
thus
report
signals
similar
those
proposed
conditions
uncertainty.
Furthermore,
comparing
cue
responses
dopamine
differences
rates
explain
importance
inhibiting
perseverative
responding.
Our
findings
show
how
patterns
support
cognitive
flexibility,
suggest
revised
model
dopamine-serotonin
opponency
with
potential
clinical
implications.
The
computational
principles
by
which
the
brain
creates
a
painful
experience
from
nociception
are
still
unknown.
Classic
theories
suggest
that
cortical
regions
either
reflect
stimulus
intensity
or
additive
effects
of
and
expectations,
respectively.
By
contrast,
predictive
coding
provide
unified
framework
explaining
how
perception
is
shaped
integration
beliefs
about
world
with
mismatches
resulting
comparison
these
against
sensory
input.
Using
functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
during
probabilistic
heat
pain
paradigm,
we
investigated
computations
underlie
perception.
Skin
conductance,
pupil
dilation,
anterior
insula
responses
to
cued
stimuli
strictly
followed
response
patterns
hypothesized
model,
whereas
posterior
encoded
intensity.
This
novel
dissociation
processing
within
together
previously
observed
alterations
in
chronic
offer
interpretation
aberrant
as
disturbed
weighting
predictions
prediction
errors.
Extinction
of
fear
responses
is
critical
for
adaptive
behavior
and
deficits
in
this
form
safety
learning
are
hallmark
anxiety
disorders.
However,
the
neuronal
mechanisms
that
initiate
extinction
largely
unknown.
Here
we
show,
using
single-unit
electrophysiology
cell-type
specific
fiber
photometry,
dopamine
neurons
ventral
tegmental
area
(VTA)
activated
by
omission
aversive
unconditioned
stimulus
(US)
during
extinction.
This
signal
occurred
specifically
beginning
when
US
unexpected,
correlated
strongly
with
learning.
Furthermore,
temporally-specific
optogenetic
inhibition
or
excitation
at
time
revealed
both
necessary
for,
sufficient
to
accelerate,
normal
These
results
identify
a
prediction
error-like
reveal
crucial
role
DA
Frontiers in Psychology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
10
Published: April 24, 2019
Emotion
plays
a
crucial
role,
both
in
general
human
experience
and
psychiatric
illnesses.
Despite
the
importance
of
emotion,
relative
lack
objective
methodologies
to
scientifically
studying
emotional
phenomena
limits
our
current
understanding
thereby
calls
for
development
novel
methodologies,
such
us
study
illustrative
animal
models.
Analysis
Drosophila
other
insects
has
unlocked
new
opportunities
elucidate
behavioral
phenotypes
fundamentally
phenomena.
Here
we
propose
an
integrative
model
basic
emotions
based
on
observations
this
model.
The
are
internal
states
that
modulated
by
neuromodulators,
these
externally
expressed
as
certain
stereotypical
behaviors,
instinct,
which
is
proposed
ancient
mechanisms
survival.
There
four
kinds
emotions:
happiness,
sadness,
fear
anger,
differentially
associated
with
three
core
affects:
reward
(happiness),
punishment
(sadness),
stress
(fear
anger).
These
affects
analogous
primary
colors
(red,
yellow,
blue)
they
combined
various
proportions
result
more
complex
"higher
order"
emotions,
love
aesthetic
emotion.
We
refer
called
"Three
Primary
Color
Model
Basic
Emotions".