European Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
52(4), P. 3181 - 3195
Published: March 9, 2020
Early
at
the
onset
of
exercise,
breathing
rate
accelerates
in
order
to
anticipate
increasing
metabolic
demand
resulting
from
extra
effort
produced.
Accordingly,
respiratory
neural
networks
are
target
various
input
signals
originating
either
centrally
or
peripherally.
For
example,
during
locomotion,
activation
muscle
sensory
afferents
is
able
entrain
and
thereby
increase
frequency
spontaneous
rhythmogenesis.
Moreover,
lumbar
spinal
engaged
generating
hindlimb
locomotor
rhythms
also
capable
activating
medullary
generators
through
an
ascending
excitatory
command.
However,
context
quadrupedal
influence
other
cord
regions,
such
as
cervical
thoracic
segments,
remains
unknown.
Using
isolated
brainstem-spinal
preparations
neonatal
rats
mice,
we
show
that
cervicothoracic
circuitry
may
contribute
locomotion-induced
acceleration
cycle
frequency.
As
previously
observed
for
CPGs,
pharmacological
forelimb
produces
episodes
fictive
locomotion
turn
ongoing
rhythm.
Thoracic
neuronal
participate
indirectly
this
modulation
via
both
CPG
neurons.
Furthermore,
using
light
stimulation
CHR2-expressing
glutamatergic
neurons,
found
involves
circuitry.
Our
results
demonstrate
rhythm-generating
receive
inputs
circuits
responsible
coordinating
fore-
movements.
This
constitutes
a
distributed
central
mechanism
contributes
matching
speed
locomotion.
Frontiers in Neural Circuits,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
17
Published: April 26, 2023
Vertebrate
movement
is
orchestrated
by
spinal
inter-
and
motor
neurons
that,
together
with
sensory
cognitive
input,
produce
dynamic
behaviors.
These
behaviors
vary
from
the
simple
undulatory
swimming
of
fish
larval
aquatic
species
to
highly
coordinated
running,
reaching
grasping
mice,
humans
other
mammals.
This
variation
raises
fundamental
question
how
circuits
have
changed
in
register
behavior.
In
simple,
fish,
exemplified
lamprey,
two
broad
classes
interneurons
shape
neuron
output:
ipsilateral-projecting
excitatory
neurons,
commissural-projecting
inhibitory
neurons.
An
additional
class
ipsilateral
required
generate
escape
swim
behavior
zebrafish
tadpoles.
limbed
vertebrates,
a
more
complex
composition
observed.
this
review,
we
provide
evidence
that
elaboration
correlates
an
increase
specialization
these
three
basic
interneuron
types
into
molecularly,
anatomically,
functionally
distinct
subpopulations.
We
summarize
recent
work
linking
movement-pattern
generation
across
amphibians,
reptiles,
birds
Current Opinion in Neurobiology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
71, P. 11 - 18
Published: Aug. 24, 2021
A
comparison
of
the
vertebrate
motor
systems
oldest
group
now
living
vertebrates
(lamprey)
with
that
mammals
shows
there
are
striking
similarities
not
only
in
basic
organization
but
also
regard
to
synaptic
properties,
transmitters
and
neuronal
properties.
The
lamprey
dorsal
pallium
(cortex)
has
a
motor,
visual
somatosensory
area,
basal
ganglia,
including
dopamine
system,
organized
virtually
identical
way
rodents.
This
applies
midbrain,
brainstem
spinal
cord.
However,
during
evolution
additional
capabilities
such
as
for
control
foreleg/arms,
hands
fingers
have
evolved.
findings
suggest
when
evolutionary
lineages
became
separate
around
500
million
years
ago,
blueprint
system
had
already
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
22(3), P. 1394 - 1394
Published: Jan. 30, 2021
In
order
for
locomotion
to
occur,
a
complex
pattern
of
muscle
activation
is
required.
For
more
than
century,
it
has
been
known
that
the
timing
and
stepping
movements
in
mammals
are
generated
by
neural
networks
as
central
generators
(CPGs),
which
comprise
multiple
interneuron
cell
types
located
entirely
within
spinal
cord.
A
genetic
approach
recently
successful
identifying
several
populations
neurons
make
up
this
network,
well
specific
role
they
play
during
stepping.
spite
progress,
identity
responsible
generating
locomotor
rhythm
manner
interconnected
have
yet
be
deciphered.
review,
we
summarize
key
features
considered
expressed
rhythm-generating
describe
different
genetically
defined
classes
interneurons
proposed
involved.
Stem Cell Research,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
48, P. 101945 - 101945
Published: Aug. 3, 2020
The
differentiation
of
patient-specific
induced
pluripotent
stem
cells
(iPSCs)
into
specific
neuronal
subtypes
has
been
exploited
as
an
approach
for
modeling
a
variety
neurological
disorders.
However,
achieving
highly
pure
population
neurons
is
challenging
when
using
directed
methods,
especially
generated
by
complex
and
protracted
protocols.
In
this
study,
we
efficiently
produced
populations
regionally
specified
CNS
modified
NGN2-Puromycin
direct
conversion
protocol.
protocol
amenable
across
range
iPSC
lines,
with
more
than
95%
at
day
21
positive
the
marker
MAP2.
We
found
that
from
resulted
in
central
peripheral
nervous
system;
however,
incorporating
short
patterning
step,
eliminated
these
neurons.
Furthermore,
used
step
to
control
rostral-caudal
identity.
This
sequential
forebrain
neurons,
patterned
SMAD
inhibitors.
Additionally,
inhibitors
WNT
agonists
were
applied,
anterior
hindbrain
excitatory
containing
VSX2/SHOX2
V2a
interneurons.
Overall,
can
be
production
patient-derived
iPSCs,
versatile
system
investigating
early
disease
events
disorders
including
Alzheimer's
disease,
motor
spinal
cord
injury.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
41(27), P. 5833 - 5848
Published: May 18, 2021
Neural
circuitry
generating
locomotor
rhythm
and
pattern
is
located
in
the
spinal
cord.
Most
cord
injuries
(SCIs)
occur
above
level
of
neurons;
therefore,
these
circuits
are
a
target
for
improving
motor
function
after
SCI.
Despite
being
relatively
intact
below
injury,
undergoes
substantial
plasticity
with
loss
descending
control.
Information
regarding
cell
type-specific
within
limited.
Shox2
interneurons
(INs)
have
been
linked
to
generation
patterning,
making
them
potential
therapeutic
restoration
locomotion
The
goal
present
study
was
identify
SCI-induced
at
INs
complete
thoracic
transection
model
adult
male
female
mice.
Whole-cell
patch-clamp
recordings
revealed
minimal
changes
intrinsic
excitability
properties
However,
afferent
stimulation
resulted
mixed
excitatory
inhibitory
input
uninjured
mice
which
became
predominantly
were
differentially
modulated
by
serotonin
(5-HT)
concentration-dependent
manner
conditions
but
following
SCI,
5-HT
depolarized
INs.
5-HT7
receptors
mediated
effects
on
from
both
SCI
mice,
activation
5-HT2B/2C
enhanced
only
Overall,
alters
sensory
pathways
modulation
enhance
responses.
Our
findings
provide
relevant
information
response
that
could
benefit
strategies
improve
SIGNIFICANCE
STATEMENT
Current
therapies
gain
control
injury
(SCI)
circuitry.
Improvements
will
require
better
understanding
specific
elements
their
controllers,
including
afferents
serotonergic
modulation.
Here,
we
demonstrate
interneurons,
contribute
pattering,
remain
induces
modulation,
enhancing
excitation
interneurons.
impact
future
looking
harness
ultimate
restoring
functional
Cell Reports,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
39(2), P. 110654 - 110654
Published: April 1, 2022
Locomotion
is
mediated
by
spinal
circuits
that
generate
movements
with
a
precise
coordination
and
vigor.
The
assembly
of
these
defined
early
during
development;
however,
whether
their
organization
function
remain
invariant
throughout
development
unclear.
Here,
we
show
the
first
established
fast
circuit
between
two
dorsally
located
V2a
interneuron
types
four
primary
motoneurons
undergoes
major
transformation
in
adult
zebrafish
compared
what
was
reported
larvae.
There
loss
existing
connections
establishment
new
combined
alterations
mode,
plasticity,
strength
synaptic
transmission.
In
addition,
this
no
longer
serves
as
swim
rhythm
generator,
but
instead
its
components
become
embedded
within
escape
control
propulsion
following
initial
turn.
Our
results
thus
reveal
significant
changes
motor
animals
develop
toward
adulthood.
