Reward boosts reinforcement-based motor learning

iScience, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 24(7), P. 102821 - 102821

Published: July 1, 2021

Besides relying heavily on sensory and reinforcement feedback, motor skill learning may also depend the level of motivation experienced during training. Yet, how by reward modulates remains unclear. In 90 healthy subjects, we investigated net effect while controlling for feedback received participants. Reward improved beyond performance-based feedback. Importantly, beneficial involved a specific potentiation reinforcement-related adjustments in commands, which concerned primarily most relevant component task success persisted following day absence reward. We propose that long-lasting effects entail form associative resulting from repetitive pairing training, mechanism be exploited future rehabilitation protocols.

Language: Английский

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Wallacean and Melanesian Islands Promote Higher Rates of Diversification within the Global Passerine Radiation Corvides

Systematic Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 71(6), P. 1423 - 1439

Published: June 15, 2022

Abstract The complex island archipelagoes of Wallacea and Melanesia have provided empirical data behind integral theories in evolutionary biology, including allopatric speciation biogeography. Yet, questions regarding the relative impact layered biogeographic barriers, such as deep-water trenches isolated systems, on faunal diversification remain underexplored. One barrier is Wallace’s Line, a significant boundary that largely separates Australian Asian biodiversity. To assess roles barriers—specifically systems Line—we investigated tempo mode diverse avian radiation, Corvides (Crows Jays, Birds-of-paradise, Vangas, allies). We combined genus-level set thousands ultraconserved elements (UCEs) species-level, 12-gene Sanger sequence matrix to produce well-resolved supermatrix tree we leveraged explore group’s historical biogeography effects barriers their macroevolutionary dynamics. well resolved differs substantially from what has been used extensively for past comparative analyses within this group. confirmed Corvides, its major constituent clades, arose Australia burst dispersals west across Line occurred after uplift during mid-Miocene. found dispersal was generally rare, though westward were two times more frequent than eastward dispersals. Wallacea’s central position between Sundaland Sahul no doubt acted bridge island-hopping out Australia, colonize rest Earth. In addition, east harbor highest rates net are substantial source colonists continental both sides barrier. Our results support emerging evidence particularly geologically Indo-pacific, drivers species diversification. [Historical biogeography; Melanesia; molecular phylogenetics; state-dependent extinction.]

Language: Английский

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Population genomics of the island thrush elucidates one of earth’s great archipelagic radiations

Evolution Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 31, 2023

Tropical islands are renowned as natural laboratories for evolutionary study. Lineage radiations across tropical archipelagos ideal systems investigating how colonization, speciation, and extinction processes shape biodiversity patterns. The expansion of the island thrush Indo-Pacific represents one largest yet most perplexing any songbird species. exhibits a complex mosaic pronounced plumage variation its range is arguably world's polytypic bird. It sedentary species largely restricted to mountain forests, it has colonized vast region spanning quarter globe. We conducted comprehensive sampling populations obtained genome-wide SNP data, which we used reconstruct phylogeny, population structure, gene flow, demographic history. evolved from migratory Palearctic ancestors radiated explosively during Pleistocene, with numerous instances flow between populations. Its bewildering masks biogeographically intuitive stepping stone colonization path Philippines through Greater Sundas, Wallacea, New Guinea Polynesia. thrush's success in colonizing mountains can be understood light ancestral mobility adaptation cool climates; however, shifts elevational range, degree apparent dispersal rates eastern part raise further intriguing questions about biology.

Language: Английский

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Phylogenomics of white-eyes, a ‘great speciator’, reveals Indonesian archipelago as the center of lineage diversity

eLife, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Dec. 22, 2020

Archipelagoes serve as important 'natural laboratories' which facilitate the study of island radiations and contribute to understanding evolutionary processes. The white-eye genus Zosterops is a classical example 'great speciator', comprising c. 100 species from across Old World, most them insular. We achieved an extensive geographic DNA sampling by using historical specimens recently collected samples. Using over 700 genome-wide loci in conjunction with coalescent tree methods gene flow detection approaches, we untangled reticulated history Zosterops, comprises three main clades centered Indo-Africa, Asia, Australasia, respectively. Genetic introgression between permeates phylogeny, regardless how distantly related are. Crucially, identified Indonesian archipelago, specifically Borneo, major center diversity only area where all overlap, attesting importance this region.

Language: Английский

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Genomes From Historic DNA Unveil Massive Hidden Extinction and Terminal Endangerment in a Tropical Asian Songbird Radiation

Molecular Biology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 39(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2022

Abstract Quantifying the magnitude of global extinction crisis is important but remains challenging, as many events pass unnoticed owing to our limited taxonomic knowledge world’s organisms. The increasing rarity taxa renders comprehensive sampling difficult, further compounding problem. Vertebrate lineages such birds, which are thought be taxonomically well understood, therefore used indicator groups for mapping and quantifying extinction. To test whether patterns adequately gauged in well-studied groups, we implemented ancient-DNA protocols retrieved whole genomes from historic DNA museum specimens a widely known songbird radiation shamas (genus Copsychus) that assumed least conservation concern. We uncovered cryptic diversity an unexpected degree hidden terminal endangerment. Our analyses reveal >40% phylogenetic this already either extinct wild or nearly so, including two genomically most distinct members group (omissus nigricauda), have so far flown under radar they previously been considered subspecies. Comparing modern samples with those roughly century ago, also found significant decrease genetic concomitant increase homozygosity affecting various taxa, small-island endemics subspecies remain widespread across continental scale. application genomic approaches demonstrates elevated levels allelic loss clade has not listed globally threatened, highlighting importance ongoing reassessments incidence even animal groups. Key words: extinction, introgression, white-rumped shama, conservation.

Language: Английский

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On the brink of explosion? Identifying the source and potential spread of introduced Zosterops white-eyes in North America

Biological Invasions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 26(5), P. 1615 - 1639

Published: March 2, 2024

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary and Ecological Explanations for the Elevational Flexibility of Several East African Bird Species Complexes

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Dec. 8, 2021

Africa’s montane areas are broken up into several large and small units, each isolated as forest-capped “sky islands” in a “sea” of dry lowland savanna. Many elements their biota, including forest birds, shared across disjunct mountains, yet it has been difficult to rigorously define an Afromontane avifauna, or determine its evolutionary relationships with the birds surrounding forests. In order trace historical relationship between highland avifaunas, we review cases species groups closely related breeding populations at different elevations, use phylogeographic methods explore connections such within biodiversity hotspot East Africa. The study reveals idiosyncratic patterns, but also prominent number gene flow southern areas, mainly around Malawi Rift, mountains coastal forests north, close equator. This may reflect more continuous past distributions through northern Mozambique Tanzania, seasonal migrations rainfall regimes. Over time, these distributional dynamics have resulted higher persistence lineages, accumulation forest-dependent lineages Eastern Arc Mountains Tanzania part mosaic.

Language: Английский

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Island life accelerates geographic radiation in the white‐eyes (Zosteropidae)

Ibis, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 165(3), P. 817 - 828

Published: Dec. 22, 2022

White‐eyes are an iconic avian radiation of small passerines that mainly distributed across the eastern hemisphere tropics and subtropics. Species diversity white‐eyes is particularly high on oceanic islands, many species restricted to single islands or island groups. The rate diversification ranks them among fastest radiations known in birds, but whether their accelerated was result repeatedly colonizing remains unexplored. We used a newly estimated timetree for nearly all zosteropids phylogenetic comparative methods estimate compare rates between continental lineages. show have similar extinction rates, yet higher speciation compared with white‐eyes. In addition, we find transitions from continents. Our results importance such as Wallacean Melanesian archipelagos Indo‐Pacific, facilitating within this remarkable clade.

Language: Английский

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Bird diversity on shelf islands does not benefit from recent land‐bridge connections

Journal of Biogeography, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 49(1), P. 189 - 200

Published: Dec. 11, 2021

Abstract Aim Research in island biogeography has long focused mainly on present‐day configurations. Recently, there been an increasing focus islands’ past histories of land connection, shape and size. Moreover, continental islands (=shelf islands) have received less attention than oceanic islands, species inventories from extremely small are lacking many datasets. We examine the effects sea‐level rise since Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) bird diversity composition tropical shelf Southeast Asia. Location Sundaland. Taxon Birds. Methods compiled avifaunal for 94 using exhaustive literature review historic surveys larger combined with our own comprehensive both large islands. Using generalised least‐squares models spatial autocorrelation, we assessed importance traditional biogeographical parameters including area, maximum elevation, distance mainland geographical isolation, along post‐LGM change area duration isolation. also compared similar‐sized two categories—recently submerged unsubmerged—using non‐metric multidimensional scaling. Results Post‐LGM minimal insular is instead well explained by characteristics, such as to proportion surrounding within a 10 km radius (Cox Snell Pseudo‐ R 2 = 0.803). Avifaunal similar across recently unsubmerged Main conclusion equilibrates rapidly after indicating that extinction immigration rates high. In particular, high rate dispersive maintains diversity, especially Over‐water dispersal generally restricted short distances among Sundaic birds. Consequently, can be maintained presence or stepping‐stone near it.

Language: Английский

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A phylogeny of white-eyes based on ultraconserved elements

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 164, P. 107273 - 107273

Published: July 29, 2021

Language: Английский

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