Frontiers in Neurology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: June 22, 2022
Background
Walking
within
the
community
requires
ability
to
walk
while
simultaneously
completing
other
tasks.
After
a
stroke,
an
additional
task
walking
is
significantly
impaired,
and
it
unclear
how
functional
activity
of
brain
may
impact
this.
Methods
Twenty
individual
in
chronic
stage
post-stroke
participated
this
study.
Functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
was
used
measure
prefrontal,
pre-motor,
sensorimotor,
posterior
parietal
cortices
during
secondary
verbal
tasks
varying
difficulty.
Changes
these
were
measured
relationships
accessed
between
activation
changes
cognitive
or
motor
abilities.
Results
Significantly
larger
activations
found
for
dual-task
walking.
Increasing
challenge
did
not
result
increase
regions.
Higher
general
cognition
related
lower
increases
easier
dual-task.
With
harder
dual-task,
trend
also
higher
less
impairment.
Conclusions
This
first
study
show
that
executive
function,
preparation/planning,
sensorimotor
integration
areas
are
all
important
post-stroke.
A
lack
further
with
increasing
suggests
point
at
which
trade-off
performance
occurs.
Further
research
needed
determine
if
training
would
improved
performance.
Photonics,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
6(3), P. 87 - 87
Published: Aug. 1, 2019
This
mini-review
is
aimed
at
briefly
summarizing
the
present
status
of
functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
and
predicting
where
technique
should
go
in
next
decade.
quotes
33
articles
on
different
fNIRS
basics
technical
developments
44
reviews
applications
published
last
eight
years.
The
huge
number
review
about
a
wide
spectrum
topics
field
cognitive
social
sciences,
neuroimaging
research,
medicine
testifies
to
maturity
achieved
by
this
non-invasive
optical
vascular-based
technique.
Today,
has
started
be
utilized
healthy
subjects
while
moving
freely
naturalistic
settings.
Further
instrumental
are
expected
done
near
future
fully
satisfy
latter
important
aspect.
In
addition,
procedures,
including
correction
methods
for
strong
extracranial
interferences,
need
standardized
before
using
as
clinical
tool
individual
patients.
New
research
avenues
such
interactive
neurosciences,
cortical
activation
modulated
type
sport
performance,
during
neurofeedback
training
highlighted.
Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
11(3), P. 291 - 291
Published: Feb. 26, 2021
(1)
Functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
provides
a
useful
tool
for
monitoring
brain
activation
changes
while
walking
in
adults
with
neurological
disorders.
When
combined
dual
task
paradigms,
fNIRS
allows
to
be
monitored
when
individuals
concurrently
attend
multiple
tasks.
However,
differences
baseline,
and
coverage
of
cortical
areas,
presents
uncertainty
the
interpretation
overarching
findings.
(2)
Methods:
By
conducting
systematic
review
35
studies
meta-analysis
75
effect
sizes
from
17
on
or
without
disorders,
we
show
that
performance
obstacle
walking,
serial
subtraction
letter
generation
tasks
result
significant
increases
prefrontal
cortex
relative
standing
baselines.
(3)
Results:
Overall,
find
have
largest
between
single
gait
are
seen
persons
sclerosis
stroke.
(4)
Conclusions:
Older
disease
generally
showed
increased
suggesting
use
more
attentional
resources
during
which
could
lead
fall
risk
mobility
impairments.
PROSPERO
ID:
235228.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Jan. 25, 2021
Human
gait
is
a
complex
activity
that
requires
high
coordination
between
the
central
nervous
system,
limb,
and
musculoskeletal
system.
More
research
needed
to
understand
latter
coordination's
complexity
in
designing
better
more
effective
rehabilitation
strategies
for
disorders.
Electroencephalogram
(EEG)
functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
are
among
most
used
technologies
monitoring
brain
activities
due
portability,
non-invasiveness,
relatively
low
cost
compared
others.
Fusing
EEG
fNIRS
well-known
established
methodology
proven
enhance
brain–computer
interface
(BCI)
performance
terms
of
classification
accuracy,
number
control
commands,
response
time.
Although
there
has
been
significant
exploring
hybrid
BCI
(hBCI)
involving
both
different
types
tasks
human
activities,
remains
still
underinvestigated.
In
this
article,
we
aim
shed
light
on
recent
development
analysis
using
EEG-fNIRS-based
The
current
review
followed
guidelines
preferred
reporting
items
systematic
reviews
meta-Analyses
(PRISMA)
during
data
collection
selection
phase.
review,
put
particular
focus
commonly
signal
processing
machine
learning
algorithms,
as
well
survey
potential
applications
analysis.
We
distill
some
critical
findings
follows.
First,
hardware
specifications
experimental
paradigms
should
be
carefully
considered
because
their
direct
impact
quality
assessment.
Second,
since
modalities,
fNIRS,
sensitive
motion
artifacts,
instrumental,
physiological
noises,
quest
robust
sophisticated
algorithms.
Third,
temporal
spatial
features,
obtained
by
virtue
fusing
associated
with
cortical
activation,
can
help
identify
correlation
activation
gait.
conclusion,
hBCI
(EEG
+
fNIRS)
system
not
yet
much
explored
lower
limb
its
higher
limb.
Existing
systems
tend
only
one
modality.
foresee
vast
adopting
Imminent
technical
breakthroughs
expected
assistive
devices
Monitor
neuro-plasticity
neuro-rehabilitation.
However,
although
those
perform
controlled
environment
when
it
comes
them
certified
medical
device
real-life
clinical
applications,
long
way
go.
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(3), P. 53 - 53
Published: July 7, 2022
This
systematic
review
aims
to
reveal
the
effectiveness
of
proprioceptive
exercise
combined
with
dual-task
training
in
stroke
patients.
The
research
was
conducted
using
PubMed,
Cochrane
Library,
Web
Science,
and
Scopus
databases
evaluate
studies
rehabilitation
interventions
exercises
patients
stroke.
keywords
for
search
were:
“stroke”
AND
“proprioception”
OR
“proprioceptive”
“rehabilitation”
“training”
“exercises”
“dual-task”
“task-performance”
following
inclusion
criteria:
comparative
Of
104,014
identified,
23
were
included
according
criteria.
Proprioceptive
stimulate
promote
postural
balance,
gait,
quality
life
reduce
risk
falls
compared
traditional
programs.
In
conclusion,
this
suggests
that
is
needed
improve
balance
recover
gait.
Moreover,
it
provides
a
comprehensive
overview
literature
on
various
treatments
contextual
imbalance
after
stroke,
providing
guide
choosing
complete
protocol
combines
these
two
techniques.
BMC Geriatrics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
24(1)
Published: Feb. 10, 2024
Abstract
Background
This
study
aimed
to
compare
the
balance
ability
and
functional
brain
oxygenation
in
prefrontal
cortex
(PFC)
among
older
adults
with
mild
cognitive
impairment
(MCI)
under
single
dual
tasks,
also
investigate
their
relationship.
Neural
regulatory
mechanisms
of
MCI
were
shed
light
on
control
conditions.
Methods
21
(female
=
12,
age:
71.19
±
3.36
years)
recruited
as
experimental
group
19
healthy
9,
70.16
4.54
group.
Participants
completed
task
respectively.
Functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
force
measuring
platform
are
used
collect
hemodynamic
signals
PFC
center
pressure
(COP)
data
during
task,
Results
The
significant
Group*Task
interaction
effect
was
found
maximal
displacement
COP
medial-lateral
(ML)
direction
(D-ml),
95%
confidence
ellipse
area
(95%AREA),
root
mean
square
(RMS),
RMS
ML
(RMS-ml),
anterior-posterior
(AP)
(RMS-ap),
sway
path
(SP),
(SP-ml),
AP
(SP-ap).
detected
for
five
regions
interest
(ROI),
namely
left
Brodmann
(BA)
45
(L45),
right
BA45
(R45),
BA10
(R10),
BA46
(L46),
BA11
(R11).
Under
(D-ap),
RMS,
RMS-ap
significantly
negatively
correlated
R45,
L45,
R11
both
95%AREA
positively
L10
R10
RMS-ap.
Conclusion
demonstrated
worse
compared
adults.
greater
activation
tasks
may
be
considered
a
compensatory
strategy
maintaining
standing
balance.
task.
Trial
registration
ChiCTR2100044221
,
12/03/2021.
NeuroImage,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
289, P. 120545 - 120545
Published: Feb. 16, 2024
:
Dual
task
(DT)
is
a
commonly
used
paradigm
indicative
of
executive
functions.
Brain
activities
during
DT
walking
usually
measured
by
portable
functional
near
infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS).
Previous
studies
focused
on
cortical
activation
in
prefrontal
cortex
and
overlooked
other
brain
regions
such
as
sensorimotor
cortices.
This
study
aimed
at
investigating
the
modulations
network
efficiency
multiple
from
single
to
dual
tasks
with
different
complexities
their
relationships
performance.
Forty-two
healthy
adults
[12
males;
mean
age:
27.7
(SD=6.5)
years]
participated
this
study.
Participants
performed
behavioral
fNIRS
simultaneous
recording.
There
were
three
parts
tasks:
cognitive
while
standing
(serial
subtraction
3's
7's),
alone
(walk
subtraction,
including
serial
7's).
Cognitive
cost,
cost
sum
(i.e.,
costs)
calculated
for
DT.
Cortical
activation,
local
global
each
task.
The
was
greater
less
compared
7's
(P's
=
0.032
0.019,
respectively).
differentially
modulated
among
<
0.05).
Prefrontal
positively
correlated
costs,
negatively
costs
Our
results
revealed
over-activation
reduced
individuals
poor
findings
suggest
that
could
be
possible
mechanism
contributing
performance,
which
accompanied
compensatory
over-activation.
Neurorehabilitation and neural repair,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
34(7), P. 589 - 599
Published: May 25, 2020
Background.
Although
dopaminergic
medication
improves
dual
task
walking
in
people
with
Parkinson
disease
(PD),
the
underlying
neural
mechanisms
are
not
yet
fully
understood.
As
prefrontal
cognitive
resources
involved
walking,
evaluation
of
cortex
(PFC)
is
required.
Objective.
To
investigate
effect
on
PFC
activity
and
gait
parameters
during
PD.
Methods.
A
total
20
individuals
PD
(69.8
±
5.9
years)
30
healthy
older
(68.0
5.6
performed
2
conditions:
single
(walking
while
performing
a
digit
vigilance
task).
mobile
functional
near
infrared
spectroscopy
system
an
electronic
sensor
carpet
were
used
to
analyze
activation
parameters,
respectively.
Relative
concentrations
oxygenated
hemoglobin
(HbO2)
from
left
right
measured.
Results.
People
off
state
did
present
changes
HbO2
level
across
conditions.
In
contrast,
state,
they
presented
increased
levels
compared
task.
Regardless
The
control
group
demonstrated
both
hemispheres
showed
increases
step
length
velocity
state.
Conclusions.
limits
facilitates
its
recruitment.
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
28(3), P. 699 - 709
Published: Feb. 12, 2020
Functional
near
infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
is
a
noninvasive
optics-based
neuroimaging
modality
successfully
applied
to
real-life
settings.
The
technology
uses
light
in
the
range
(650-950nm)
track
changes
oxygenated
(HbO2)
and
deoxygenated
hemoglobin
(Hb)
obtained
from
measured
intensity
using
light-tissue
interaction
principles.
fNIRS
data
processing
involves
artifact
removal
hemodynamic
signal
conversion
modified
Beer-Lambert
law
(MBLL)
obtain
Hb
HbO2,
reliably.
signals
can
get
contaminated
by
various
noise
sources
of
physiological
non-physiological
origins.
Various
algorithms
have
been
proposed
for
elimination
artifacts
frequency
selective
filters
blind
source
separation
methods.
Hemodynamic
extraction
raw
measurements
at
multiple
wavelengths
based
on
MBLL
usually
apriori
knowledge
certain
parameters
such
as
molar
extinction
coefficients
(ε)
differential
path
length
factor
(DPF).
Different
sets
dependent
upon
wavelength,
chromophores,
age
reported.
Variation
cause
differences
HbO2
which
turn
change
study
outcomes.
Using
fNIRS,
we
previously
shown
significant
increases
oxygenation
prefrontal
cortex
Single-Task-Walking
(STW)
Dual-task-Walking
(DTW)
conditions
older
adults
due
greater
cognitive
demands
inherent
latter
condition.
In
current
study,
re-analyzed
our
determined
that
although
different
i.e.
ε
DPF
filter
cut-off
frequencies
0.14
0.08Hz
including
those
designed
remove
confounding
effects
Mayer
waves
had
caused
some
linear
or
decreases
extracted
signals,
were
minimal
task
related
comparisons
hence,
overall
