ABSTRACT
The
protozoan
parasites
Plasmodium
falciparum
,
Leishmania
spp
.
and
Trypanosoma
cruzi
continue
to
exert
a
significant
toll
on
the
disease
landscape
of
human
population
in
sub‐Saharan
Africa
Latin
America.
Control
measures
have
helped
reduce
burden
their
respective
diseases—malaria,
leishmaniasis
Chagas
disease—in
endemic
regions.
However,
need
for
new
drugs,
innovative
vaccination
strategies
molecular
markers
severity
outcomes
has
emerged
because
developing
antimicrobial
drug
resistance,
comparatively
inadequate
or
absent
vaccines,
lack
trustworthy
morbid
outcomes.
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
been
widely
reported
play
role
biology
pathogenicity
P.
T.
ever
since
they
were
discovered.
EVs
are
secreted
by
yet
be
fully
understood
mechanism
protozoans
into
extracellular
milieu
carry
cargo
diverse
molecules
that
reflect
originator
cell's
metabolic
state.
Although
our
understanding
biogenesis
function
continues
deepen,
question
how
can
serve
as
targets
translational
agenda
clinical
public
health
interventions
is
explored.
Here,
consortium
researchers,
we
outline
plan
future
researchers
pose
three
questions
direct
an
EV's
spp.
We
opine
long
term,
executing
this
blueprint
will
help
bridge
current
unmet
needs
these
medically
important
diseases
International Journal for Parasitology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
54(12), С. 617 - 634
Опубликована: Июнь 24, 2024
Fasciola
hepatica
and
Dicrocoelium
dendriticum
are
parasitic
trematodes
residing
in
the
bile
ducts
of
mammalian
hosts,
causing,
some
cases,
impairment
liver
function
hepatic
fibrosis.
Previous
studies
have
shown
that
extracellular
vesicles
released
by
F.
(FhEVs)
D.
(DdEVs)
induce
a
distinct
phenotype
human
macrophages,
but
there
is
limited
information
on
effect
EVs
cells,
which
interact
directly
with
worms
natural
infections.
In
this
study,
we
isolated
FhEVs
DdEVs
size
exclusion
chromatography
labeled
them
lipophilic
fluorescent
dye
to
analyze
their
uptake
stellate
cells
(HSC)
hepatocytes,
important
cell
types
pathology,
using
synthetic
liposomes
as
internal
labeling
control.
We
analyzed
EV
proteome
profiles
after
treatment
for
both
types.
Our
results
reveal
establish
unique
specific
interactions
suggesting
different
role
derived
from
each
parasite,
depending
migration
route
reach
final
niche.
cytostatic
HSCs,
matrix
secretion
elicit
anti-inflammatory
responses
hepatocytes.
more
potent
anti-proliferative
than
trigger
global
inflammatory
response,
increasing
levels
NF-κB
other
mediators
These
may
major
influence
progression
disease,
serving
generate
conditions
favor
establishment
helminths
host.
Journal of Parasitology Research,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
2025(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Visceral
leishmaniasis
(VL)
is
a
zoonotic
disease
in
which
dogs
are
the
main
reservoirs.
Until
now,
serological
tests
do
not
present
satisfactory
sensitivity
for
diagnosis
of
these
hosts.
One
functions
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
related
to
immunological
host
response.
Here,
we
evaluated
ability
EVs
released
by
Leishmania
(Leishmania)
infantum
promastigotes
(Leish‐EVs)
be
source
antigens
use
human
visceral
(HumVL)
and
canine
(CanVL).
A
total
300
sera
were
tested.
The
155
divided
into
4
groups
145
3
groups.
In
sera,
Leish‐EVs
reactive
73/74
from
patients
with
VL
(Hum‐VL)
98.64%
sensitivity.
26
healthy
individuals
(NH)
27
asymptomatic
toxoplasmosis
(ATx)
nonreagent
(100%
specificity).
Leish‐EVs‐ELISA
had
cross‐reactivity
or
inconclusive
results
13.5%
Chagas
(CD).
60/63
CanVL
(Can‐VL)
95.24%
nonreactive
57
without
Can‐VL
(NC)
25
other
infections
(OIs)
100%
specificity.
Hum‐VL
produced
more
IgG1
against
than
IgG2,
IgG3,
IgG4.
IgG2
IgG1.
conclusion,
this
study
provides
evidence
that
L.
(L.)
when
used
as
antigen
ELISA
identified
antibodies.
methodology
was
effective
VL,
since
exhibited
good
specificity
sera.
ABSTRACT
Globally,
an
estimated
2.1
billion
malaria
cases
and
11.7
million
deaths
were
averted
in
the
period
2000–2022.
Noticeably,
despite
effective
control
measurements,
2022
there
249
85
malaria-endemic
countries
increase
of
5
compared
with
2021.
Further
understanding
biology,
epidemiology,
pathogenesis
human
is
therefore
essential
for
achieving
elimination.
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
membrane-enclosed
nanoparticles
pivotal
intercellular
communication
secreted
by
all
cell
types.
Here,
we
will
review
what
currently
known
about
EVs
malaria,
from
biogenesis
cargo
to
molecular
insights
pathophysiology.
Of
relevance,
a
meta-analysis
proteomics
cargo,
comparisons
between
vitro
vivo
studies
revealed
striking
differences
those
few
reported
patients.
Thus,
indicating
need
rigor
standardization
methodologies
transitioning
infections
elucidate
their
physiological
role.
We
conclude
focus
on
translational
aspects
diagnosis
vaccine
development
highlight
key
gaps
knowledge
research.
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Март 18, 2025
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
emerging
as
powerful
tools
used
by
pathogens
to
manipulate
host
cells,
delivering
molecular
cargo
that
rewires
cellular
processes
and
the
immune
response.
Toxoplasma
gondii,
a
globally
distributed
parasite
capable
of
infecting
nearly
all
nucleated
animal
uses
this
strategy
thrive
in
diverse
species
tissue
environments.
Here,
we
reveal
adaptability
T.
gondii
EVs
through
proteomic
analysis
released
from
tachyzoites
cultured
four
different
cell
types:
human
fibroblasts,
green
monkey
kidney
epithelial
mouse
myoblasts
porcine
intestinal
cells.
A
core
set
1,244
proteins
was
consistently
identified
across
TgEVs,
defining
conserved
signature.
Beyond
cargo,
host-cell
specific
variation
revealed
how
fine-tunes
EV
content
exploit
Functional
enrichment
analyses
roles
for
TgEVs
targeting
protein
synthesis
stress
response
pathways,
with
implications
evasion
infection
spread.
These
findings
provide
insight
into
potential
role
host-pathogen
interactions
help
us
understand
adaptive
strategies
survive
Journal of Extracellular Vesicles,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(8)
Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2024
Abstract
Parasitic
diseases
have
a
significant
impact
on
human
and
animal
health,
representing
major
hazard
to
the
public
causing
economic
health
damage
worldwide.
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
long
been
recognized
as
diagnostic
therapeutic
tools
but
are
now
also
known
be
implicated
in
natural
history
of
parasitic
host
immune
response
modulation.
Studies
shown
that
EVs
play
role
disease
development
by
interacting
with
parasites
communicating
other
types
cells.
This
review
highlights
most
recent
research
their
several
aspects
parasite‐host
interactions
five
key
diseases:
Chagas
disease,
malaria,
toxoplasmosis,
leishmaniasis
helminthiases.
We
discuss
potential
use
or
treatment
options
for
these
infectious
diseases.
