Roles of the Gut in Glucose Homeostasis

Diabetes Care, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 39(6), С. 884 - 892

Опубликована: Май 13, 2016

The gastrointestinal tract plays a major role in the regulation of postprandial glucose profiles. Gastric emptying is highly regulated process, which normally ensures limited and fairly constant delivery nutrients to proximal gut. subsequent digestion absorption are associated with release set hormones that feeds back regulate gastric regulates insulin, resulting downregulation hepatic production deposition insulin-sensitive tissues. These remarkable mechanisms keep excursions low, regardless load ingested. When perturbed (e.g., pyloroplasty, sleeve or bypass operation), glycemia may reach high levels, sometimes followed by profound hypoglycemia. This article discusses underlying mechanisms.

Язык: Английский

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What fuels the fly: Energy metabolism in Drosophila and its application to the study of obesity and diabetes

Science Advances, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 7(24)

Опубликована: Июнь 9, 2021

Drosophila is a useful model system to study the regulation of energy metabolism and its diseases like obesity diabetes.

Язык: Английский

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A journey into the world of insect lipid metabolism

Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 104(2)

Опубликована: Апрель 25, 2020

Abstract Lipid metabolism is fundamental to life. In insects, it critical, during reproduction, flight, starvation, and diapause. The coordination center for insect lipid the fat body, which analogous vertebrate adipose tissue liver. Fat body contains various different cell types; however, adipocytes oenocytes are primary cells related metabolism. starts with hydrolysis of dietary lipids, absorption monomers, followed by transport from midgut lipogenesis or lipolysis in other sites demanding energy. under control hormones, transcription factors, secondary messengers posttranscriptional modifications. Primarily, insulin‐like peptides that activate lipogenic such as sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins, whereas coordinated adipokinetic hormone activates lipolytic forkhead box class O cAMP‐response protein. Calcium primary–secondary messenger affecting has outcomes depending on site lipolysis. Phosphorylation central multiple phosphorylases involved accumulation hydrolysis. Although most knowledge comes studies model Drosophila; particular those obligatory facultative diapause, also have great potential study use these models would significantly improve our

Язык: Английский

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Energy Homeostasis Control in Drosophila Adipokinetic Hormone Mutants

Genetics, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 201(2), С. 665 - 683

Опубликована: Авг. 14, 2015

Abstract Maintenance of biological functions under negative energy balance depends on mobilization storage lipids and carbohydrates in animals. In mammals, glucagon glucocorticoid signaling mobilizes reserves, whereas adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) play a homologous role insects. Numerous studies based AKH injections correlative broad range insect species established the view that acts as master regulator during development, reproduction, stress. contrast to AKH, second peptide, which is processed from Akh encoded prohormone [termed “adipokinetic hormone precursor-related peptide” (APRP)] functionally orphan. APRP discussed ecdysiotropic or scaffold peptide processing. However, case final evidence for requires genetic mutant analysis. Here we employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering create plus APRP-specific mutants model Drosophila melanogaster. Lack did not affect any tested steroid-dependent processes. Similarly, dispensable ontogenesis, locomotion, oogenesis, homeostasis lipid carbohydrate until up end metamorphosis. During adulthood, however, regulates body fat content hemolymph sugar level well nutritional oxidative stress responses. Finally, provide autoregulatory loop gene regulation.

Язык: Английский

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Synaptic transmission parallels neuromodulation in a central food-intake circuit

eLife, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 5

Опубликована: Ноя. 15, 2016

NeuromedinU is a potent regulator of food intake and activity in mammals. In Drosophila , neurons producing the homologous neuropeptide hugin regulate feeding locomotion similar manner. Here, we use EM-based reconstruction to generate entire connectome hugin-producing larval CNS. We demonstrate that synaptic transmission addition peptidergic neuromodulation identify acetylcholine as key transmitter. Hugin are both necessary for regulatory effect on feeding. further show subtypes connect chemosensory endocrine system by combinations peptide-receptor connections. Targets include DH44, CRH-like peptide, insulin-like peptides. Homologs these peptides likewise downstream neuromedinU, revealing striking parallels flies propose part an ancient physiological control has been conserved at functional molecular level.

Язык: Английский

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Dietary Protein, Metabolism, and Aging

Annual Review of Biochemistry, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 85(1), С. 5 - 34

Опубликована: Май 5, 2016

Dietary restriction (DR), a moderate reduction in food intake, improves health during aging and extends life span across multiple species. Specific nutrients, rather than overall calories, mediate the effects of DR, with protein specific amino acids (AAs) playing key role. Modulations single dietary AAs affect traits including growth, reproduction, physiology, health, longevity animals. Epidemiological data humans also link quality quantity proteins to long-term health. Intricate nutrient-sensing pathways fine tune metabolic responses highly conserved manner. In turn, these can onset insulin resistance, obesity, neurodegenerative disease, other age-related diseases. this review we discuss how AA requirements are shaped ingested regulate spectrum homeostatic processes. Finally, highlight resulting opportunity develop nutritional strategies improve human aging.

Язык: Английский

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Mechanisms of the amplifying pathway of insulin secretion in the β cell

Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 179, С. 17 - 30

Опубликована: Май 18, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control

Genetics, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 216(2), С. 269 - 313

Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2020

Abstract The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development adults with proper size proportions, which important survival reproduction. In animals, adult determined by rate duration juvenile growth, are influenced environment. nutrient-scarce environments in more time needed period can be extended delaying maturation, whereas rapidly completed nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires integration environmental cues developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue has occurred reach a size. Target Rapamycin (TOR) pathway primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids insulin-like factors main systemic regulators animals. We discuss recent findings Drosophila melanogaster showing environment growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR other growth-regulatory pathways, converge on insulin steroid relay centers responsible adjusting development, response external addition this, also monitored coordinated whole-body timing through modulation signaling. coordination involves interorgan communication mediated peptide 8 status. Together, these multiple nutritional feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling signaling, serving at progression toward delayed. review focuses mechanisms conditions modulate size, highlights conserved architecture this system, made prime model understanding

Язык: Английский

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The Systemic Control of Growth

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер unknown, С. a019117 - a019117

Опубликована: Авг. 10, 2015

Laura Boulan1,2,3, Marco Milán4 and Pierre Léopold1,2,3 1University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France 2CNRS, University 3INSERM, 45ICREA, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, 08028 Spain Correspondence: laura.boulan{at}unice.fr; leopold{at}unice.fr

Язык: Английский

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Metabolism and growth adaptation to environmental conditions in Drosophila

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 77(22), С. 4523 - 4551

Опубликована: Май 24, 2020

Organisms adapt to changing environments by adjusting their development, metabolism, and behavior improve chances of survival reproduction. To achieve such flexibility, organisms must be able sense respond changes in external environmental conditions internal state. Metabolic adaptation response altered nutrient availability is key maintaining energy homeostasis sustaining developmental growth. Furthermore, variables exert major influences on growth final adult body size animals. This plasticity depends adaptive responses state cues that are essential for processes. Genetic studies have shown the fruit fly Drosophila, similarly mammals, regulates its growth, environment through several hormones including insulin, peptides with glucagon-like function, steroid hormones. Here we review emerging evidence showing various sensed different organs that, via inter-organ communication, relay information neuroendocrine centers control insulin signaling. focuses endocrine regulation highlighting recent advances role system as a signaling hub integrates inputs drives responses.

Язык: Английский

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