Typical Tire Additives in River Water: Leaching, Transformation, and Environmental Risk Assessment DOI
Shaopeng Xu, Qi Wang, Jia-Yong Lao

и другие.

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(42), С. 18940 - 18949

Опубликована: Окт. 9, 2024

Tire wear particles (TWPs) released during vehicle driving can enter water bodies, leading to leaching of tire additives (TAs) in aquatic environments. However, the transformation behavior and related ecological impacts TAs their products (TPs) remain unclear. In this study, laboratory-based simulation experiments field investigations were conducted explore mechanisms risks TAs. After being placed river for 24 h, about 7–95% 12 investigated TWPs leached. Forty-eight TPs from eight tentatively identified along with different pathways via suspect screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Semiquantitative results indicated that derived N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylene-diamine (6PPD) predominant leachates, while aryl hydrolysis quinone main pathways. Field on urban surface samples 16 sites Hong Kong revealed occurrence 17 1 TP, concentrations ranging 13.9 2230 ng/L (median ± standard deviation: 226 534 ng/L). Sixteen six additionally screening. It is estimated 6PPD-quinone seven could pose medium high risk, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine, a frequently detected was as persistent-bioaccumulative-toxic substance.

Язык: Английский

Analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and potential toxicity of tire wear compounds 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone DOI
Xiaoli Chen, Tao He, Xinlu Yang

и другие.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 452, С. 131245 - 131245

Опубликована: Март 21, 2023

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

99
Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of 6PPD Quinone, an Emerging Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical: A Review DOI
Khaled Zoroufchi Benis, Ali Behnami, Shahab Minaei

и другие.

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10(10), С. 815 - 823

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2023

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is a chemical added to tires prevent their oxidative degradation. 6PPD highly reactive with ozone and oxygen, leading the formation of transformation products such as quinone (6PPDQ) on tire surfaces and, subsequently, in road wear particles. 6PPDQ toxicant that has been found roadway runoff receiving water systems. Its presence municipal stormwater led acute mortality coho salmon during migration urban creeks reproduce, generating global interest studying its occurrence toxicity environment. This review aims provide critical overview current state knowledge 6PPDQ, assisting researchers policymakers understanding potential impacts this emerging environment human health. As there are many unanswered questions surrounding further research needed. highlights importance including regulations for 6PPD, well all synthetic chemicals concern.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

57
Urine Excretion, Organ Distribution, and Placental Transfer of 6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone in Mice and Potential Developmental Toxicity through Nuclear Receptor Pathways DOI
Haoqi Zhao, Sydney P. Thomas, Mark J. Zylka

и другие.

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(36), С. 13429 - 13438

Опубликована: Авг. 29, 2023

The rubber antioxidant 6PPD has gained significant attention due to its highly toxic transformation product, 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). Despite their detection in urines of pregnant women, the placental transfer and developmental toxicity 6PPDQ are unknown. Here, we treated C57Bl/6 mice with 4 mg/kg or investigate urine excretion transfer. Female male exhibited sex difference profiles 6PPDQ. Urine concentrations were one order magnitude lower than those 6PPD, suggesting higher bioaccumulation In from embryonic day 11.5 15.5, showed ∼1.5–8 times placenta, embryo body, brain, Using vitro dual-luciferase reporter assays, revealed that activated human retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) retinoid X (RXRα) at as low 0.3 μM, which was ∼10-fold detected urines. RXRα 1.2 μM. These results demonstrate exposure risks during pregnancy emphasize need for further toxicological epidemiological investigations.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

52
Uptake and Biotransformation of the Tire Rubber-derived Contaminants 6-PPD and 6-PPD Quinone in the Zebrafish Embryo (Danio rerio) DOI Creative Commons
Nico Grasse, Bettina Seiwert, Riccardo Massei

и другие.

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(41), С. 15598 - 15607

Опубликована: Окт. 2, 2023

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is a widely used antioxidant in tire rubber known to enter the aquatic environment via road runoff. The associated transformation product (TP) 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) causes extreme acute toxicity some fish species (e.g., coho salmon). To interpret species-specific toxicity, information about biotransformation products of 6-PPDQ would be relevant. This study investigated toxicokinetics and zebrafish embryo (ZFE) model. Over 96 h exposure, accumulated ZFE with concentration factors ranging from 140 2500 for 70 220 6-PPDQ. A total 22 TPs 12 were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography coupled high-resolution mass spectrometry. After exposure 6-PPD, comprised 47% peak area (TPA), 4-hydroxydiphenylamine being most prominent ZFE. Upon >95% taken up was biotransformed, + O glucuronide dominating (>80% TPA). Among other reactive N-phenyl-p-benzoquinone imine found. knowledge this may support studies organisms.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

52
Widespread occurrence of two typical N, N’-substituted p-phenylenediamines and their quinones in humans: Association with oxidative stress and liver damage DOI
Shiming Song, Yanxia Gao,

Shuai Feng

и другие.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 468, С. 133835 - 133835

Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2024

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

37
Association between 6PPD-quinone exposure and BMI, influenza, and diarrhea in children DOI
Zhuxia Zhang, Xijin Xu,

Ziyi Qian

и другие.

Environmental Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 247, С. 118201 - 118201

Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2024

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

23
Chronic exposure to tire rubber-derived contaminant 6PPD-quinone impairs sperm quality and induces the damage of reproductive capacity in male mice DOI
Kezhen Yao,

Quanmin Kang,

Wenbo Liu

и другие.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 470, С. 134165 - 134165

Опубликована: Март 28, 2024

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

21
Environmental profiles, hazard identification, and toxicological hallmarks of emerging tire rubber-related contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone DOI Creative Commons

Yang Jiang,

Chunzhi Wang,

Ling Ma

и другие.

Environment International, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 187, С. 108677 - 108677

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2024

N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is commonly used in rubber compounds as antioxidants to protect against degradation from heat, oxygen, and ozone exposure. This practice extends the lifespan of products, including tires, by preventing cracking, aging, deterioration. However, environmental consequences waste generated during product use, particularly formation 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) through reaction 6PPD with ozone, have raised significant concerns due their detrimental effects on ecosystems. Extensive research has revealed widespread occurrence its derivate 6PPD-Q various compartments, air, water, soil. The emerging substance been shown pose acute mortality long-term hazards aquatic terrestrial organisms at concentrations below environmentally relevant levels. Studies demonstrated toxic a range organisms, zebrafish, nematodes, mammals. These include neurobehavioral changes, reproductive dysfunction, digestive damage exposure pathways. Mechanistic insights suggest that mitochondrial stress, DNA adduct formation, disruption lipid metabolism contribute toxicity induced 6PPD-Q. Recent findings human samples, such blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, underscore importance further public health toxicological implications these compounds. distribution, fate, biological effects, underlying mechanisms environment highlight urgent need for additional understand address impacts

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

21
In Vitro and In Vivo Biotransformation Profiling of 6PPD-Quinone toward Their Detection in Human Urine DOI

Man Deng,

Xiaotong Ji,

Bo Peng

и другие.

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(21), С. 9113 - 9124

Опубликована: Май 14, 2024

The antioxidant N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its oxidized quinone product 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) in rubber have attracted attention due to the ecological risk that they pose. Both 6PPD 6PPD-Q been detected various environments humans cohabit. However, date, a clear understanding of biotransformation potential biomarker for exposure are lacking. To address this issue, study presents comprehensive analysis extensive across species, encompassing both vitro vivo models. We tentatively identified 17 metabolites vitro, 15 mice vivo, confirmed presence two human urine samples. Interestingly, different patterns were observed species. Through semiquantitative based on peak areas, we found almost all underwent within 24 h mice, primarily via hydroxylation subsequent glucuronidation. This suggests rapid metabolic processing mammals, underscoring importance identifying effective biomarkers exposure. Notably, monohydroxy 6PPD-Q-O-glucuronide consistently most predominant our studies, highlighting as key epidemiological research. These findings represent first data set mammalian systems, offering insights into pathways involved possible biomarkers.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

17
Potential human health risk of the emerging environmental contaminant 6-PPD quinone DOI
Wan Xin, Geyu Liang, Dayong Wang

и другие.

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 949, С. 175057 - 175057

Опубликована: Июль 26, 2024

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

17