Chemosphere,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
379, С. 144418 - 144418
Опубликована: Апрель 19, 2025
6PPD-quinone
(6PPD-Q),
a
transformation
product
of
tire
rubber
anti-oxidant
6PPD,
has
been
identified
as
the
primary
causal
toxicant
for
urban
runoff
mortality
syndrome
observed
in
coho
salmon
(Oncorhynchus
kisutch)
Pacific
Northwest,
USA.
Several
other
fish
species
are
also
vulnerable
to
6PPD-Q.
However,
monitoring
efforts
on
6PPD-Q
have
focused
water,
particulate
matter,
soils,
and
sediments,
while
that
tissues
remains
scarce.
This
study
presents
workflow
extraction
quantitative
analysis
complex
from
shellfish,
finfish,
marine
mammals.
A
multi-residue
protocol
was
developed
persistent
organic
pollutants
(PCBs,
PBDEs,
organochlorine
pesticides)
PAHs
single
extraction.
GC-MS/MS
based
measurement
developed.
The
evaluated
including
fillets,
whole
homogenates,
mussels,
whale
blubber.
Limits
quantification
were
between
0.03
0.12
ng/g
ww
surrogate
(6PPD-Q-d5)
recoveries
∼60-100
%
among
matrices.
We
conducted
an
initial
biomonitoring
using
caged
mussels
(Mytilus
trossulus)
juvenile
Chinook
tshawytscha)
Puget
Sound,
WA.
detection
rates
at
least
50
but
concentrations
mostly
<1
ww.
Our
will
aid
aquatic
environments
exposure
assessments
improved
understanding
bioaccumulation
potential
these
food
webs.
Environment International,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
187, С. 108677 - 108677
Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2024
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPD)
is
commonly
used
in
rubber
compounds
as
antioxidants
to
protect
against
degradation
from
heat,
oxygen,
and
ozone
exposure.
This
practice
extends
the
lifespan
of
products,
including
tires,
by
preventing
cracking,
aging,
deterioration.
However,
environmental
consequences
waste
generated
during
product
use,
particularly
formation
6PPD-quinone
(6PPD-Q)
through
reaction
6PPD
with
ozone,
have
raised
significant
concerns
due
their
detrimental
effects
on
ecosystems.
Extensive
research
has
revealed
widespread
occurrence
its
derivate
6PPD-Q
various
compartments,
air,
water,
soil.
The
emerging
substance
been
shown
pose
acute
mortality
long-term
hazards
aquatic
terrestrial
organisms
at
concentrations
below
environmentally
relevant
levels.
Studies
demonstrated
toxic
a
range
organisms,
zebrafish,
nematodes,
mammals.
These
include
neurobehavioral
changes,
reproductive
dysfunction,
digestive
damage
exposure
pathways.
Mechanistic
insights
suggest
that
mitochondrial
stress,
DNA
adduct
formation,
disruption
lipid
metabolism
contribute
toxicity
induced
6PPD-Q.
Recent
findings
human
samples,
such
blood,
urine,
cerebrospinal
fluid,
underscore
importance
further
public
health
toxicological
implications
these
compounds.
distribution,
fate,
biological
effects,
underlying
mechanisms
environment
highlight
urgent
need
for
additional
understand
address
impacts
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
58(21), С. 9113 - 9124
Опубликована: Май 14, 2024
The
antioxidant
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPD)
and
its
oxidized
quinone
product
6PPD-quinone
(6PPD-Q)
in
rubber
have
attracted
attention
due
to
the
ecological
risk
that
they
pose.
Both
6PPD
6PPD-Q
been
detected
various
environments
humans
cohabit.
However,
date,
a
clear
understanding
of
biotransformation
potential
biomarker
for
exposure
are
lacking.
To
address
this
issue,
study
presents
comprehensive
analysis
extensive
across
species,
encompassing
both
vitro
vivo
models.
We
tentatively
identified
17
metabolites
vitro,
15
mice
vivo,
confirmed
presence
two
human
urine
samples.
Interestingly,
different
patterns
were
observed
species.
Through
semiquantitative
based
on
peak
areas,
we
found
almost
all
underwent
within
24
h
mice,
primarily
via
hydroxylation
subsequent
glucuronidation.
This
suggests
rapid
metabolic
processing
mammals,
underscoring
importance
identifying
effective
biomarkers
exposure.
Notably,
monohydroxy
6PPD-Q-O-glucuronide
consistently
most
predominant
our
studies,
highlighting
as
key
epidemiological
research.
These
findings
represent
first
data
set
mammalian
systems,
offering
insights
into
pathways
involved
possible
biomarkers.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
58(23), С. 10275 - 10286
Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2024
The
pronounced
lethality
of
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
quinone
(6PPD-quinone
or
6PPDQ)
toward
specific
salmonids,
while
sparing
other
fish
species,
has
received
considerable
attention.
However,
the
underlying
cause
this
species-specific
toxicity
remains
unresolved.
This
study
explored
6PPDQ
toxicokinetics
and
intestinal
microbiota
composition
in
adult
zebrafish
during
a
14-day
exposure
to
environmentally
realistic
concentrations,
followed
by
7-day
recovery
phase.
Predominant
accumulation
occurred
brain,
intestine,
eyes,
with
lowest
levels
liver.
Six
metabolites
were
found
undergo
hydroxylation,
two
additionally
undergoing
O-sulfonation.
Semiquantitative
analyses
revealed
that
predominant
metabolite
featured
hydroxy
group
situated
on
phenyl
ring
adjacent
quinone.
was
further
validated
assessing
enzyme
activity
determining
silico
binding
interactions.
Notably,
affinity
between
phase
I
II
enzymes
exceeded
corresponding
coho
salmon
1.04–1.53
times,
suggesting
higher
potential
for
detoxification
tolerant
species.
Whole-genome
sequencing
significant
increases
genera
Nocardioides
Rhodococcus
after
6PPDQ.
Functional
annotation
pathway
enrichment
predicted
these
would
be
responsible
biodegradation
metabolism
xenobiotics.
These
findings
offer
crucial
data
comprehending
6PPDQ-induced
toxicity.
Environmental Pollution,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
348, С. 123835 - 123835
Опубликована: Март 21, 2024
Plastic
pollution,
including
micro-
and
nanoplastics,
is
a
growing
concern.
Tyre-wear
particles
(TWPs)
are
the
second
largest
source
of
microplastics
in
ocean
following
abrasion
synthetic
fibres.
In
addition
to
themselves,
TWPs
contain
many
harmful
chemicals,
6PPD.
This
chemical
reacts
with
atmospheric
ozone
forms
toxic
compound
6PPD-quinone
(6PPDq),
which
poses
danger
aquatic
life.
There
knowledge
gap
understanding
risks
associated
combined
toxicity
nanoplastics
(NPs)
6PPDq.
The
present
study
aimed
investigate
NPs
6PPDq
on
adult
zebrafish
using
phenotypic
(behaviour,
histology)
transcriptomic
endpoints.
Zebrafish
were
exposed
four
treatments:
control
(contaminant-free),
50
μg/L
6PPDq,
3
mg/L
polystyrene
(PS)-NPs,
combination
PS-NPs.
We
did
not
observe
locomotory
dysregulation
NPs.
However,
we
found
significant
hyperlocomotion
this
effect
was
even
more
substantial
after
co-exposure
explores
molecular
mechanisms
behind
these
effects,
identifying
genes
neurotransmitters
fatty
acid
metabolism
that
dysregulated
by
co-exposure.
Transcriptomic
analysis
further
showed
both
PS-NPs
impacted
cellular
processes
sterol
biosynthesis,
cholesterol
metabolism,
muscle
tissue
development.
effects
stronger
co-exposed
zebrafish,
indicating
heightened
risk
integrity
mitochondrial
dysfunction.
These
results
highlight
significance
mixture
when
studying
chemicals
like
