The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism

Journal of Lipid Research, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 54(9), С. 2325 - 2340

Опубликована: Июль 3, 2013

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the end products of fermentation dietary fibers by anaerobic intestinal microbiota, have been shown to exert multiple beneficial effects on mammalian energy metabolism. The mechanisms underlying these are subject intensive research and encompass complex interplay between diet, gut host This review summarizes role SCFAs in metabolism, starting from production microbiota uptake ending with There interesting leads molecular mechanisms, but there also many apparently contradictory results. A coherent understanding multilevel network which their is hampered lack quantitative data actual fluxes metabolic processes regulated SCFAs. In this we address questions that, when answered, will bring us a great step forward elucidating

Язык: Английский

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Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 13(10), С. 701 - 712

Опубликована: Сен. 12, 2012

Язык: Английский

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Interactions Between the Microbiota and the Immune System

Science, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 336(6086), С. 1268 - 1273

Опубликована: Июнь 7, 2012

The large numbers of microorganisms that inhabit mammalian body surfaces have a highly coevolved relationship with the immune system. Although many these microbes carry out functions are critical for host physiology, they nevertheless pose threat breach ensuing pathologies. system plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis resident microbial communities, thus ensuring mutualistic nature host-microbial is maintained. At same time, bacteria profoundly shape immunity. Here, we review advances our understanding interactions between and implications findings human health.

Язык: Английский

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Microbiota Modulate Behavioral and Physiological Abnormalities Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Cell, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 155(7), С. 1451 - 1463

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2013

Язык: Английский

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Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 110(9), С. 3229 - 3236

Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2013

In the last two decades, widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity diversity. This review examines how growing knowledge vast range animal–bacterial interactions, whether shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological intellectual advances that have changed thinking about five questions: bacteria facilitated origin evolution animals; do animals affect each other’s genomes; does normal development depend on partners; homeostasis maintained between their symbionts; can ecological deepen multiple levels interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged broaden appreciation interactions include investigations relationships among partners as seek better natural world.

Язык: Английский

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Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components

European Journal of Nutrition, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 57(1), С. 1 - 24

Опубликована: Апрель 9, 2017

The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire is distinct from, but complements activity of mammalian enzymes in liver and mucosa includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, microbiota a key factor shaping biochemical profile diet and, therefore, its impact on health disease. important role appears to play metabolism stimulated research into identification specific microorganisms involved different processes, elucidation pathways, particularly those associated with dietary components some host-generated substances. In first part review, we discuss main microorganisms, bacteria, pathways carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, vitamins. second review focuses methodologies, existing novel, can be employed explore metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, enzyme assays.

Язык: Английский

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The gut microbiota of insects – diversity in structure and function

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 37(5), С. 699 - 735

Опубликована: Май 21, 2013

Insect guts present distinctive environments for microbial colonization, and bacteria in the gut potentially provide many beneficial services to their hosts. Insects display a wide range degree of dependence on basic functions. Most insect contain relatively few species as compared mammalian guts, but some insects harbor large communities specialized bacteria. Others are colonized only opportunistically sparsely by common other environments. digestive tracts vary extensively morphology physicochemical properties, factors that greatly influence community structure. One obstacle evolution intimate associations with microorganisms is lack dependable transmission routes between host individuals. Here, social insects, such termites, ants, bees, exceptions: interactions opportunities transfer bacteria, most consistent communities, functions nutrition protection, have been found species. Still, also shown contribute nutrition, protection from parasites pathogens, modulation immune responses, communication. The extent these roles still unclear awaits further studies.

Язык: Английский

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The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice

Science Translational Medicine, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 6(263)

Опубликована: Ноя. 19, 2014

The intestinal microbiota helps to maintain the integrity of blood-brain barrier in fetal and adult mice.

Язык: Английский

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Sex Differences in the Gut Microbiome Drive Hormone-Dependent Regulation of Autoimmunity

Science, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 339(6123), С. 1084 - 1088

Опубликована: Янв. 18, 2013

Microbial exposures and sex hormones exert potent effects on autoimmune diseases, many of which are more prevalent in women. We demonstrate that early-life microbial determine hormone levels modify progression to autoimmunity the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model type 1 diabetes (T1D). Colonization by commensal microbes elevated serum testosterone protected NOD males from T1D. Transfer gut microbiota adult immature females altered recipient's microbiota, resulting metabolomic changes, reduced islet inflammation autoantibody production, robust T1D protection. These were dependent androgen receptor activity. Thus, community alters regulates disease fate individuals with high genetic risk.

Язык: Английский

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Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype

Movement Disorders, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 30(3), С. 350 - 358

Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2014

In the course of Parkinson's disease (PD), enteric nervous system (ENS) and parasympathetic nerves are amongst structures earliest most frequently affected by alpha-synuclein pathology. Accordingly, gastrointestinal dysfunction, in particular constipation, is an important non-motor symptom PD often precedes onset motor symptoms years. Recent research has shown that intestinal microbiota interact with autonomic central via diverse pathways including ENS vagal nerve. The gut microbiome not been previously investigated. We compared fecal microbiomes 72 patients control subjects pyrosequencing V1-V3 regions bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Associations between clinical parameters were analyzed using generalized linear models, taking into account potential confounders. On average, abundance Prevotellaceae feces was reduced 77.6% as controls. Relative 6.5% or less had 86.1% sensitivity 38.9% specificity for PD. A logistic regression classifier based on four families severity constipation identified 66.7% 90.3% specificity. relative Enterobacteriaceae positively associated postural instability gait difficulty. These findings suggest altered related to phenotype. Further studies warranted elucidate temporal causal relationships suitability a biomarker.

Язык: Английский

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