The Virtuous Galleria mellonella Model for Scientific Experimentation

Antibiotics, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12(3), С. 505 - 505

Опубликована: Март 3, 2023

The first research on the insect Galleria mellonella was published 85 years ago, and larva is now widely used as a model to study infections caused by bacterial fungal pathogens, for screening new antimicrobials, adjacent immune response in co-infections or host-pathogen interaction, well toxicity model. system of G. shows remarkable similarities with mammals. Furthermore, results from correlate positively mammalian models other invertebrate models. Unlike models, can withstand temperatures 37 °C, its handling experimental procedures are simpler. Despite having some disadvantages, virtuous vivo be preclinical studies, an intermediate between vitro great example how apply bioethics principle 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) animal experimentation. This review aims discuss progress model, highlighting key aspects use, including design considerations necessity standardize them. A different score “cocoon” category included Health Index Scoring System also proposed.

Язык: Английский

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Galleria mellonella as a Model for the Study of Fungal Pathogens: Advantages and Disadvantages

Pathogens, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(3), С. 233 - 233

Опубликована: Март 7, 2024

The study of pathogenicity and virulence fungal strains, in vivo the preclinical phase, is carried out through use animal models belonging to various classes mammals (rodents, leproids, etc.). Although animals are functionally more similar humans, these studies have some limitations terms ethics (animal suffering), user-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, timing (physiological response time) logistics (need for adequately equipped laboratories). A good model must possess optimal characteristics be used, such as rapid growth, small size short life cycle. For this reason, insects, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera), Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera) Bombyx mori been widely used alternative non-mammalian models. Due their simplicity low cost, larvae G. represent an above all evaluate pathogens antifungal treatments (either single or combination with biologically active compounds). further advantage also represented by simple neuronal system limiting suffering itself, ability survive at near-body ambient temperatures well expression proteins able recognise combined following three R principles (replacement, refinement reduction). This review aims assess validity advantages disadvantages replacing mammalian experimentation.

Язык: Английский

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Phage-antibiotic combinations in various treatment modalities to manage MRSA infections

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15

Опубликована: Апрель 9, 2024

Introduction: The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge in the treatment bacterial infections, particularly patients intensive care unit (ICU). Phage-antibiotic combination therapy now being utilized as preferred therapeutic option for infections that are multi-drug resistant nature. Methods: In this study, we examined combined impact staph phage vB_Sau_S90 and four antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We conducted experiments three different sequences: a) administering phages before antibiotics, b) simultaneously, c) phages. Results: When media was supplemented with sub-inhibitory concentrations 0.25 μg/mL 1 μg/mL, size plaque increased from 0.5 ± 0.1 mm (in control group only phage) to 4 0.2 mm, 1.6 0.4 when fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, oxacillin were added, respectively. checkerboard analysis revealed synergistic effect between investigated, indicated by FIC value less than 0.5. demonstrated universal efficacy across all treatments. Nevertheless, optimal effectiveness delivered subsequent Utilizing Galleria mellonella model, vivo showed phage-oxacillin effectively eliminated biofilm-infected larvae, resulting survival rate up 80% treated groups. Discussion: Our findings highlight advantages using over alone MRSA infections.

Язык: Английский

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Impact of multidrug resistance on the virulence and fitness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a microbiological and clinical perspective

Infection, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 52(4), С. 1235 - 1268

Опубликована: Июль 2, 2024

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens and part top emergent species associated with antimicrobial resistance that has become greatest threat to public health in twenty-first century. This bacterium provided a wide set virulence factors contribute pathogenesis acute chronic infections. review aims summarize impact multidrug on fitness P. . Although it generally assumed acquisition resistant determinants cost, several studies support mutations may not be decrease and/or certain compensatory allow strains recover their initial fitness. We discuss interplay between profiles from microbiological perspective but also clinical consequences outcomes economic impact.

Язык: Английский

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Animal models of Klebsiella pneumoniae mucosal infections

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15

Опубликована: Март 15, 2024

Klebsiella pneumoniae is among the most relevant pathogens worldwide, causing high morbidity and mortality, which worsened by increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. It a constituent host microbiota different mucosa, that can invade cause infections in many sites. The development new treatments prophylaxis against this pathogen rely on animal models to identify potential targets evaluate efficacy possible side effects therapeutic agents or vaccines. However, validity data generated highly dependable choosing adequately reproduce hallmarks human diseases. present review summarizes current knowledge used investigate K. infections, with focus mucosal advantages limitations each model are discussed compared; applications, extrapolations subjects future modifications improve techniques also presented. While mice widely species studies, they such as natural resistance difficulties reproducing main steps infections. Other models, Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), Caenorhabditis elegans, Galleria mellonella Danio rerio (zebrafish), contribute understanding specific aspects infection process, bacterial lethality colonization innate immune system response, however, but do not immunological complexity mammals. In conclusion, choice will depend mainly questions being addressed study, while better interplay between virulence factors responses provide deeper comprehension disease process aid effective preventive/therapeutic strategies.

Язык: Английский

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Galleria mellonella as an Invertebrate Model for Studying Fungal Infections

Journal of Fungi, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 11(2), С. 157 - 157

Опубликована: Фев. 18, 2025

The incidence of fungal infections continues to increase and one the factors responsible for these high rates is emergence multi-resistant species, hospitalizations, inappropriate or prolonged use medications, pandemics, such as ongoing HIV/AIDS pandemic. recent pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2) has led a significant in infections, especially systemic mycoses opportunistic fungi. There growing urgent need better understand how microorganisms cause infection develop resistance well new therapeutic strategies combat diverse diseases Non-mammalian hosts are increasingly used alternative models study microbial infections. Due their low cost, simplicity care, conserved innate immunity reduced ethical issues, greater wax moth Galleria mellonella an excellent model host studying it currently widely pathogenesis innovative mitigate studied. G. can grow at 37 °C, which similar mammalian temperature, anatomy larvae allows researchers easily deliver pathogens, biological products, compounds drugs. aim this review describe being system importance evaluating antifungal profile potential drug candidates therapies against

Язык: Английский

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Disrupting iron homeostasis can potentiate colistin activity and overcome colistin resistance mechanisms in Gram-Negative Bacteria

Communications Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 6(1)

Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2023

Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative priority pathogen that can readily overcome antibiotic treatment through range of intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. Treatment carbapenem-resistant A. largely relies on the use colistin in cases where other options have been exhausted. However, emergence against this last-line drug has significantly increased amongst clinical strains. In study, we identify phytochemical kaempferol as potentiator activity. When administered singularly, no effect growth but does impact biofilm formation. Nonetheless, co-administration with sub-inhibitory concentrations exposes bacteria to metabolic Achilles heel, whereby kaempferol-induced dysregulation iron homeostasis leads bacterial killing. We demonstrate due disruption Fenton’s reaction, therefore lethal build-up toxic reactive oxygen species cell. Furthermore, show vulnerability be exploited both strains E. coli vitro Galleria mellonella model infection. Overall, our findings provide proof-of-principle demonstration targeting promising strategy for enhancing efficacy overcoming colistin-resistant infections.

Язык: Английский

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Phage-induced efflux down-regulation boosts antibiotic efficacy

PLoS Pathogens, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 20(6), С. e1012361 - e1012361

Опубликована: Июнь 28, 2024

The interactions between a virus and its host vary in space time are affected by the presence of molecules that alter physiology either or virus. Determining molecular mechanisms at basis these is paramount for predicting fate bacterial phage populations designing rational phage-antibiotic therapies. We study stationary phase Burkholderia thailandensis ΦBp-AMP1. Although heterogeneous genetic resistance to rapidly emerges B. , enhances efficacy three major antibiotic classes, quinolones, beta-lactams tetracyclines, but antagonizes tetrahydrofolate synthesis inhibitors. discovered enhanced facilitated reduced efflux phage. This new therapy allows eradication bacteria, whilst requiring concentrations, which crucial treating infections sites where it difficult achieve high concentrations.

Язык: Английский

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Galleria mellonella (Greater Wax Moth) as a Reliable Animal Model to Study the Efficacy of Nanomaterials in Fighting Pathogens

Nanomaterials, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(1), С. 67 - 67

Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2025

The spread of multidrug-resistant microbes has made it necessary and urgent to develop new strategies deal with the infections they cause. Some these are based on nanotechnology, which revolutionized many fields in medicine. Evaluating safety efficacy antimicrobial requires testing animal models before being tested clinical trials. In this context, Galleria mellonella could represent a valid alternative traditional mammalian non-mammalian models, due its low cost, ease handling, valuable biological properties investigate host–pathogen interactions. purpose review is provide an updated overview literature concerning use G. larvae as model evaluate nanoparticles nanomaterials, particularly, those that used or under investigation combat microbial pathogens.

Язык: Английский

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Surfactant-Driven Effects on the Antifungal Activity of Lippia origanoides Kunth Essential Oil Encapsulated in Lipid-Based Nanosystems

ACS Omega, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2025

In recent decades, the recurrence and mortality rates of fungal infections have increased, likely due to antifungal resistance insufficient attention from healthcare authorities. This trend highlights urgent need for new treatments, with essential oils (EOs) emerging as promising alternatives. study focuses on characterization, nanoencapsulation, evaluation EO Lippia origanoides Kunth - pepper-rosemary toxicity activity against filamentous fungi yeasts, a particular emphasis influence surfactants. The was characterized by GC-MS encapsulated in Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) using either nonionic surfactant or combination cationic surfactant. NLCs were further determination retention marker compound high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), morphology transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), their stability assessed under thermal stress over 28 days. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determined four yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 64548), auris (CDC B11903), parapsilosis 22019), Malassezia furfur 14521) three Aspergillus flavus 204304), Fusarium keratoplasticum 36031), Trichophyton rubrum 28188). NLC's acute evaluated Galleria mellonella larvae. results demonstrated stability, safety, potent efficacy EO-loaded NLCs. charge played critical role performance most species. differential responses observed suggest that CTAB enhances imparting positive nanoparticles, creating an additive effect thymol. CTAB's ability reverse cell surface negative significant. However, C. auris, A. flavus, F. showed no sensitivity CTAB, indicating not factor these fungi. its NLC formulations exhibited significant vitro activity, suggesting potential alternative therapies infections.

Язык: Английский

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