Vitamin D, infections and immunity

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 23(2), P. 265 - 277

Published: July 29, 2021

Abstract Vitamin D, best known for its role in skeletal health, has emerged as a key regulator of innate immune responses to microbial threat. In cells such macrophages, expression CYP27B1, the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, is induced by immune-specific inputs, leading local production hormonal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin (1,25D) at sites infection, which turn directly induces genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. signaling active upstream and downstream pattern recognition receptors, promote front-line responses. Moreover, 1,25D stimulates autophagy, mechanism critical control intracellular pathogens M. tuberculosis . Strong laboratory epidemiological evidence links vitamin deficiency increased rates conditions dental caries, well inflammatory bowel diseases arising from dysregulation handling intestinal flora. also cascades that antiviral immunity; 1,25D-induced peptide CAMP/LL37, originally characterized antibacterial properties, component Poor status associated with greater susceptibility viral infections, including those respiratory tract. Although severity COVID-19 pandemic been alleviated some areas arrival vaccines, it remains important identify therapeutic interventions reduce disease mortality, accelerate recovery. This review outlines our current knowledge mechanisms action system. It provides an assessment potential supplementation infectious diseases, up-to-date analysis putative benefits ongoing crisis.

Language: Английский

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Prognostic and Therapeutic Role of Vitamin D in COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 107(5), P. 1484 - 1502

Published: Dec. 11, 2021

Abstract Purpose Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency may increase the susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed determine association between vitamin and COVID-19, its severity, mortality, role of in treatment. Methods searched CINAHL, Cochrane library, EMBASE, PubMED, Scopus, Web Science up May 30, 2021, for observational studies on severe disease, death among adults, and, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing treatment against standard care or placebo, improving severity mortality adults with COVID-19. Risk bias was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa scale AUB-KQ1 tool RCTs. Study-level data were analyzed RevMan 5.3 R (v4.1.0). Heterogeneity determined by I2 sources explored through prespecified sensitivity analyses, subgroup meta-regressions. Results Of 1877 search results, 76 satisfying eligibility criteria included. Seventy-two included meta-analysis (n = 1 976 099). increased odds developing COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] 1.46; 95% CI, 1.28-1.65; P < 0.0001; 92%), (OR 1.90; 1.52-2.38; 81%), 2.07; 1.28-3.35; 0.003; 73%). The 25-hydroxy concentrations lower individuals compared controls (mean difference [MD] -3.85 ng/mL; -5.44 -2.26; ≤ 0.0001), patients nonsevere (MD -4.84 -7.32 -2.35; 0.0001) nonsurvivors survivors -4.80 -7.89 -1.71; 0.002). insignificant when high risk reporting unadjusted effect estimates excluded. heterogeneity across all analyses. Discrepancies timing testing, definitions partly explained heterogeneity. Four RCTs widely heterogeneous precluding meta-analysis. Conclusion Multiple involving nearly 2 million suggest increases although a Association less robust. precluded their

Language: Английский

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Enhancing the Design of Nutrient Clinical Trials for Disease Prevention—A Focus on Vitamin D: A Systematic Review

Nutrition Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

This systematic review (SR) highlights principles for nutrient clinical trials and explore the diverse physiological functions of vitamin D beyond its traditional role in musculoskeletal system related to study designs. Thousands published research articles have investigated benefits (a example taken this SR) system, including immune, pulmonary, cardiovascular systems; pregnancy; autoimmune disorders; cancer. They illustrated D's molecular mechanisms, interactions, genomic nongenomic actions. SR was designed identify shortcomings designs, statistical methods, data interpretation that led inconsistent findings D-related publications. also examples insights into avoiding design errors future studies, randomized controlled (RCTs). The adheres latest PRISMA statement, guidelines, PICOS process. Inappropriate or flawed designs were frequent trials. Major failures discussed here include too short duration, inadequate infrequent doses, insufficient power, failure measure baseline achieved levels, recruiting D-sufficient participants. These misleading interpretations. Thus, conclusions from such studies should not be generalized used recommendations, policymaking. Adequately powered epidemiological RCTs with sufficient duration individuals deficiency reported favorable outcomes, enriching literature, enabling understand physiology mechanisms. Proper rigorous methodologies cautious outcomes are crucial advancing field. apply only D, but other micro-nutrients nutraceutical research. Adhering them enhances credibility reliability trials, SRs, meta-analysis outcomes. emphasizes importance focused, hypothesis-driven, well-designed, statistically nutrients, conducted index deficient participants, avoidance errors. Findings incorporated practice, policymaking, public health improving nation reducing healthcare costs.

Language: Английский

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Calcifediol Treatment and Hospital Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Cohort Study

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(6), P. 1760 - 1760

Published: May 21, 2021

Context. Calcifediol has been proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19 patients. Objective: To compare the administration or not of oral calcifediol on mortality risk patients hospitalized because COVID-19. Design: Retrospective, multicenter, open, non-randomized cohort study. Settings: Hospitalized care. Patients: Patients with laboratory-confirmed between 5 February and May 2020 in five hospitals South Spain. Intervention: received (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) (0.266 mg/capsule, 2 capsules entry then one capsule day 3, 7, 14, 21, 28) not. Main Outcome Measure: In-hospital during first 30 days after admission. Results: A total 537 were (317 males (59%), median age, 70 years), 79 (14.7%) treatment. Overall, in-hospital was 17.5%. The OR death receiving (mortality rate 5%) 0.22 (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.61) compared such 20%; p < 0.01). who admission more likely than those have comorbidity lower CURB-65 score pneumonia severity ≥ 3 (one point each confusion, urea > 7 mmol/L, respiratory 30/min, systolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg diastolic ≤ 60 Hg, age 65 acute distress syndrome (moderate severe), c-reactive protein, chronic kidney disease, nitrogen. In multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting confounders, there significant differences it (OR = 0.16 CI 0.03 0.80). Conclusion: Among COVID-19, calcifediol, significantly associated days. observational design sample size may limit interpretation these findings.

Language: Английский

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Potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pulmonary vasculature: a global perspective

Nature Reviews Cardiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 19(5), P. 314 - 331

Published: Dec. 6, 2021

The lungs are the primary target of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, with hypoxia being cause death in most critical cases. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is extremely heterogeneous terms severity, clinical phenotype and, importantly, global distribution. Although majority affected patients recover from many continue to suffer late sequelae affecting various organs, including lungs. role pulmonary vascular system during and chronic stages COVID-19 has not been adequately studied. A thorough understanding origins dynamic behaviour SARS-CoV-2 virus potential causes heterogeneity essential for anticipating treating disease, both stages, development hypertension. Both hypertension have assumed dimensions, complex interactions. In this Review, we present an update on discuss COVID-19. addition, summarize pathobiology COVID-19, emphasis vasculature, stage developing We hope that information presented Review will help strategies prevention treatment continuing pandemic.

Language: Английский

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Association between vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 infection and mortality

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Nov. 12, 2022

Abstract Vitamin D deficiency has long been associated with reduced immune function that can lead to viral infection. Several studies have shown is increases the risk of infection COVID-19. However, it unknown if treatment reduce COVID-19 infection, which focus this study. In population US veterans, we show 2 and 3 fills were reductions in 28% 20%, respectively [(D Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.80, [95% CI 0.77, 0.83]), HR 0.72, 0.65, 0.79]]. Mortality within 30-days was similarly 33% lower 25% (D 0.67, 0.59, 0.75]; 0.75, 0.55, 1.04]). We also find after controlling for vitamin blood levels, veterans receiving higher dosages obtained greater benefits from supplementation than dosages. Veterans levels between 0 19 ng/ml exhibited largest decrease following supplementation. Black received White veterans. As a safe, widely available, affordable treatment, may help severity pandemic.

Language: Английский

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A Narrative Review of the Evidence for Variations in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Thresholds for Optimal Health

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 639 - 639

Published: Feb. 2, 2022

Vitamin D

Language: Английский

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Vitamin D and the Thyroid: A Critical Review of the Current Evidence

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 3586 - 3586

Published: Feb. 10, 2023

Vitamin D is necessary for the normal functioning of many organs, including thyroid gland. It is, therefore, not surprising that vitamin deficiency considered a risk factor development disorders, autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, interaction between function still fully understood. This review discusses studies involving human subjects (1) compared status (primarily determined by serum calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)D]) levels) with assessed stimulating hormone (TSH), hormones, anti-thyroid antibody levels; (2) evaluated effect supplementation on function. Due to inconsistencies in results studies, it difficult draw definite conclusion how affects Studies healthy participants observed either negative correlation or no association TSH 25(OH)D levels, while hormones showed high variability. Many have antibodies but equally failed observe such an association. Regarding examined function, almost all decrease levels after supplementation. Factors could contribute variability are use different assays measurement confounding effects sex, age, body-mass index, dietary habits, smoking, time year when samples were collected. In conclusion, additional larger numbers needed understand

Language: Английский

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Association between 25-OH Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 Severity in Pregnant Women

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(23), P. 15188 - 15188

Published: Dec. 2, 2022

Evidence from studies in the general population suggests an association between vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and COVID-19 susceptibility disease severity. The present study was performed on 165 third-trimester pregnant women at time of delivery. Seventy-nine tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. From 86 testing positive, 32 were asymptomatic, 44 presented a mild form disease, 10 experienced severe symptoms. Serum 25-OH levels measured blood samples collected admission. Low detected symptomatic but not asymptomatic patients compared to healthy (

Language: Английский

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Vitamin D/Bone Mineral Density and Triglyceride Paradoxes Seen in African Americans: A Cross-Sectional Study and Review of the Literature

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 1305 - 1305

Published: Jan. 21, 2024

Vitamin D is known to have a positive effect on bone health. Despite the greater frequency of vitamin deficiency in African Americans (AA), they higher mineral density (BMD) compared whites, demonstrating disconnect between BMD and levels AA. Another intriguing relationship seen AA triglyceride (TG) paradox, an unusual phenomenon which normal TG status observed even when patients house conditions be characterized by high levels, such as Type II diabetes. To best our knowledge, no study has examined whether these two paradoxical relationships exist simultaneously subjects with In this study, we blood markers, including HbA1c, TG, D, measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)VD] µM/mL, [25(OH)VD]/TG, calcium, (n = 56) white 26) diabetes see concurrently. We found that had significantly lower subjects, ages, BMI, duration diabetes, calcium were similar groups. This demonstrates diabetic subjects. addition findings, discuss current hypotheses literature attempt explain why exist. review also discusses four novel hypotheses, altered circulating potential role estrogen hydrogen sulfide HMG-CoA reductase possible contributor paradox manuscript there are still many unanswered questions regarding further research needed determine how can implemented improve healthcare.

Language: Английский

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