Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis: Impact of Combining Toxicology Testing with Field Sobriety Tests

Clinical Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 69(7), P. 724 - 733

Published: May 25, 2023

Abstract Background Cannabis is increasingly used both medically and recreationally. With widespread use, there growing concern about how to identify cannabis-impaired drivers. Methods A placebo-controlled randomized double-blinded protocol was conducted study the effects of cannabis on driving performance. One hundred ninety-one participants were smoke ad libitum a cigarette containing placebo or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (5.9% 13.4%). Blood, oral fluid (OF), breath samples collected along with longitudinal performance simulator (standard deviation lateral position [SDLP] car following [coherence]) over 5-hour period. Law enforcement officers performed field sobriety tests (FSTs) determine if impaired. Results There no relationship between THC concentrations measured in blood, OF, SDLP coherence at any timepoints studied (P > 0.05). FSTs significant < 0.05) for classifying into group vs up 188 minutes after smoking. Seventy-one smoking, classified 81% who received active drug as being However, 49% smoked (controls) also deemed impaired this same timepoint. Combining 2 ng/mL cutoff OF positive findings reduced number controls zero, 86 smoking placebo. Conclusions Requiring toxicology result addition FST observations substantially improved classification accuracy regarding possible under influence by decreasing percentage

Language: Английский

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Driving under the influence of drugs – The failed quest of finding medical signs indicative to driving impairment

Legal Medicine, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 72, P. 102567 - 102567

Published: Jan. 6, 2025

Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are the leading cause of death in childhood and young adult age. One most important factors behind MVA is driving under influence alcohol (DUIA) drugs (DUID). The importance DUID rising together with increasing drug abuse. legal approaches to based on impairment, impairment per se or zero tolerance. In case negative effect substance abilities has be proven by a forensic expert, which can challenging. This study compares medical signs registered during blood sampling concentrations substances detected toxicological examination find indicative impairment. Statistical analysis did not correlation between concentration measured parameters (pupil diameter, pressure pulse rate). No connection was found appearance signs. results indicate that pupil dilation, heart rate, could used as indicators possible drugs, no sign reliably other than ethanol.

Language: Английский

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Evaluation of Cannabis Per Se Laws: A Semi‐Mechanistic Pharmacometrics Model for Quantitative Characterization of THC and Metabolites in Oral Users

The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 20, 2025

Abstract Recreational cannabis use has increased notably in the United States past decade, with a recent surge oral consumption. This trend raised concerns about driving under influence. Current cannabis‐impaired laws lack standardization, some states implementing blood Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) per se limits (1, 2, and 5 ng/mL). However, these have been criticized for their inaccuracy unreliability, highlighting need legal refinement. Addressing this issue requires understanding complex pharmacokinetics (PK) pharmacodynamics (PD) of THC, cannabis's primary psychoactive component, which can be characterized using population PK model. existing models mainly focus on inhalation data do not account growing number users. To bridge gap, semi‐mechanistic model was developed from 10 published studies following intravenous or administration to characterize THC its metabolites Simulated plasma concentrations doses 2.5 mg 100 frequent occasional users were used evaluate effectiveness limits. Results showed that 1 ng/mL limit least effective due high risk false positives, while 2 remain inconclusive limited PD linking levels impairment. These findings suggest may fully address complexity impairment, underscoring further research refinement laws.

Language: Английский

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Inhalation and oral administration of HHC products - quantification of (9R)-, (9S)-Hexahydrocannabinol and metabolites in plasma and detectability in on-site drug tests for urine and oral fluid

Forensic Science International, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 112437 - 112437

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Bridging THC Knowledge Gaps for Safer Roads: A Call for Action

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 15, 2025

The rising cases of cannabis‐impaired driving present a looming public safety concern that's currently addressed through varying state regulations. However, these regulations are yet validated and lack scientific robustness. One the roadblocking factors is our insufficient understanding THC's pharmacokinetics (PK) pharmacodynamics (PD) due to limited clinical data. Therefore, we call for joint efforts among researchers policymakers conduct more comprehensive cannabis PK/PD studies improve validate existing

Language: Английский

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Complexity of Translating Analytics to Recent Cannabis Use and Impairment

Journal of AOAC International, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 107(3), P. 493 - 505

Published: Feb. 24, 2024

While current analytical methodologies can readily identify cannabis use, definitively establishing recent use within the impairment window has proven to be far more complex, requiring a new approach. Recent studies have shown no direct relationship between and Δ9-tetra-hydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations in blood or saliva, making legal "per se" Δ9-THC limits scientifically unjustified. Current methods that focus on and/or metabolite blood, urine, exhaled breath lead false-positive results for due persistence of well outside typical 3-4 h potential following inhalation. There is also issue other intoxicating substances-just because subject exhibits signs detected does not rule out involvement drugs. Compounding matter increasing popularity hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) products passage 2018 Farm Bill, which legalized industrial hemp United States. Many these contain varying levels Δ9-THC, tests use. Furthermore, CBD used synthesize Δ8-THC, possesses psychoactive properties similar surrounded by controversy. For accuracy, must able distinguish various THC isomers, identical masses exhibit immunological cross-reactivity. A testing approach been developed based sampling incorporates kinetic changes presence key cannabinoids detect without seen with methods. The complexity determining may demands such comprehensive method so irresponsible users accurately falsely accusing responsible who unjustly suffer harsh, life-changing consequences.

Language: Английский

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Identifying standardised neuropsychological test measures sensitive to cannabis consumption: A systematic review

Journal of Affective Disorders, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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High Traffic—The Quest for a Reliable Test of Cannabis Impairment

JAMA Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 80(9), P. 871 - 871

Published: Aug. 2, 2023

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Psychiatry HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Journals Network Open Cardiology Dermatology Health Forum Internal Medicine Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Pediatrics Archives of (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions LibrariansReprints Permissions Terms Use Privacy Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search Archive Input Term Sign In Individual inCreate an Account Access through institution Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent Subscribe the journal

Language: Английский

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An analytical approach for on‐site analysis of breath samples for Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 59(1)

Published: Dec. 18, 2023

Increased acceptance of cannabis containing the psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), raises concerns about potential for impaired drivers and increased highway accidents. In contrast to "breathalyzer" test, which is generally accepted determining alcohol level in a driver, there no currently roadside test THC motorist. There need an easily collectible biological sample from potentially driver coupled with accurate on-site measure presence quantity driver. A novel breath collection device described, includes three separate collectors collecting identical A, B, C samples subject. simple one-step ethanol extraction "A" collector can be analyzed by UHPLC/selected ion monitoring (SIM) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) provide qualitative quantitative determination less than 4 min collected up 6 h after smoking cigarette. SIM LC/MS bioanalyses employed d3-THC as stable isotope internal standard fortified negative control quantitation including replicates six calibrator standards quality (QC) samples. Subsequent confirmation same B was then confirmed reference lab LC/MS/MS analysis. Fit-for-purpose bioanalytical validation consistent pharmaceutical regulated produced pharmacokinetic (PK) curves two volunteer smokers. These results PK curves, showed rapid increase subjects first hour followed reduced levels later time points. simpler single-point calibration curve procedure calibrators QC prepared provided similar results. Limitations this approach include higher cost operator skill sets instrumentation inability actually determine impairment.

Language: Английский

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Accuracy and replicability of identifying eyelid tremor as an indicator of recent cannabis smoking

Clinical Toxicology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 62(1), P. 10 - 18

Published: Jan. 2, 2024

Introduction Cannabis intoxication may increase the risk of motor vehicle crashes. However, reliable methods assessing cannabis are limited. The presence eyelid tremors is among signs use identified under Drug Evaluation and Classification Program International Association Chiefs Police. Our objectives were to assess accuracy replicability identifying tremor as an indicator recent smoking using a blinded, controlled study design.

Language: Английский

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