Theranostics,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
9(25), P. 7759 - 7771
Published: Jan. 1, 2019
Cancer
immunotherapy
modulates
and
leverages
the
host
immune
system
to
treat
cancer.
The
past
decade
has
witnessed
historical
advancement
of
cancer
immunotherapy.
A
myriad
approaches
have
been
explored
elicit
or
augment
anticancer
innate
immunity
and/or
adaptive
immunity.
Recently,
activation
stimulator
interferon
(IFN)
genes
(STING),
an
intracellular
receptor
residing
in
endoplasmic
reticulum,
shown
great
potential
enhance
antitumor
through
induction
a
variety
pro-inflammatory
cytokines
chemokines,
including
type
I
IFNs.
number
natural
synthetic
STING
agonists
discovered
developed,
tested
preclinical
models
clinic
for
diseases
such
as
infectious
diseases.
Cyclic
dinucleotides
(CDNs),
cyclic
dimeric
guanosine
monophosphate
(c-di-GMP),
adenosine
(c-di-AMP),
GMP-AMP
(cGAMP),
are
class
that
can
responses.
However,
CDNs
hydrophilic
small
molecules
with
negative
charges
susceptible
enzymatic
degradation,
leading
low
bioavailability
target
tissues
yet
unwanted
toxicities
narrow
therapeutic
windows.
Drug
delivery
systems,
coupled
nucleic
acid
chemistry,
exploited
address
these
challenges.
Here,
we
will
discuss
underlying
immunological
mechanisms
activation,
focus
on
agonists,
Chemical Reviews,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
117(20), P. 12764 - 12850
Published: Oct. 9, 2017
The
cell
microenvironment
has
emerged
as
a
key
determinant
of
behavior
and
function
in
development,
physiology,
pathophysiology.
extracellular
matrix
(ECM)
within
the
serves
not
only
structural
foundation
for
cells
but
also
source
three-dimensional
(3D)
biochemical
biophysical
cues
that
trigger
regulate
behaviors.
Increasing
evidence
suggests
3D
character
is
required
development
many
critical
responses
observed
vivo,
fueling
surge
functional
biomimetic
materials
engineering
microenvironment.
Progress
design
such
improved
control
behaviors
advanced
fields
tissue
regeneration,
vitro
models,
large-scale
differentiation,
immunotherapy,
gene
therapy.
However,
field
still
its
infancy,
discoveries
about
nature
cell–microenvironment
interactions
continue
to
overturn
much
early
progress
field.
Key
challenges
be
dissecting
roles
chemistry,
structure,
mechanics,
electrophysiology
microenvironment,
understanding
harnessing
periodicity
drift
these
factors.
This
review
encapsulates
where
recent
advances
appear
leave
ever-shifting
state
art,
it
highlights
areas
which
substantial
potential
uncertainty
remain.
ACS Nano,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
12(6), P. 5121 - 5129
Published: May 17, 2018
Tumor
vaccines
for
cancer
prevention
and
treatment
have
attracted
tremendous
interests
in
the
area
of
immunotherapy
recent
years.
In
this
work,
we
present
a
strategy
to
construct
by
encapsulating
immune-adjuvant
nanoparticles
with
cell
membranes
modified
mannose.
Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)
are
first
loaded
toll-like
receptor
7
agonist,
imiquimod
(R837).
Those
adjuvant
(NP-R)
then
coated
(NP-R@M),
whose
surface
proteins
could
act
as
tumor-specific
antigens.
With
further
modification
mannose
moiety
(NP-R@M-M),
obtained
nanovaccine
shows
enhanced
uptake
antigen
presenting
cells
such
dendritic
cells,
which
would
be
stimulated
maturation
status
trigger
antitumor
immune
responses.
great
efficacy
delay
tumor
development
vaccine,
vaccination
NP-R@M-M
combination
checkpoint-blockade
therapy
demonstrates
outstanding
therapeutic
treat
established
tumors.
Therefore,
our
work
presents
an
innovative
way
fabricate
nanovaccines,
principle
may
applied
wide
range
types.
Science Translational Medicine,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
10(429)
Published: Feb. 21, 2018
Patients
with
low-immunogenic
tumors
respond
poorly
to
immune
checkpoint
blockade
(ICB)
targeting
the
programmed
death-1
(PD-1)/programmed
death-ligand
1
(PD-L1)
pathway.
Conversely,
patients
responding
ICB
can
experience
various
side
effects.
We
have
thus
engineered
a
therapeutic
scaffold
that,
when
formed
in
situ,
allows
local
release
of
gemcitabine
(GEM)
and
an
anti-PD-L1
blocking
antibody
(aPDL1)
distinct
kinetics.
The
consists
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)-degradable
hydrogel
that
releases
therapeutics
manner
within
tumor
microenvironment
(TME),
which
contains
abundant
ROS.
found
aPDL1-GEM
elicits
immunogenic
phenotype
promotes
immune-mediated
regression
tumor-bearing
mice,
prevention
recurrence
after
primary
resection.
Advanced Materials,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
31(52)
Published: Nov. 7, 2019
Immunogenic
cell
death
(ICD)
provides
momentous
theoretical
principle
for
modern
cancer
immunotherapy.
However,
the
currently
available
ICD
inducers
are
still
very
limited
and
photosensitizer-based
ones
can
hardly
induce
sufficient
to
achieve
satisfactory
immunotherapy
by
themselves.
Herein,
an
organic
photosensitizer
(named
TPE-DPA-TCyP)
with
a
twisted
molecular
structure,
strong
aggregation-induced
emission
activity,
specific
ability
is
reported
effectively
inducing
focused
mitochondrial
oxidative
stress
of
cells,
which
serve
as
much
superior
inducer
popularly
used
ones,
including
chlorin
e6
(Ce6),
pheophorbide
A,
oxaliplatin.
Furthermore,
more
effective
in
vivo
immunogenicity
TPE-DPA-TCyP
than
Ce6
also
demonstrated
using
prophylactic
tumor
vaccination
model.
The
underlying
mechanism
effectiveness
robustness
antitumor
immunity
immune-memory
effect
verified
immune
analyses.
This
study
thus
reveals
that
highly
strategy
evoke
abundant
large-scale
ICD.
Accounts of Chemical Research,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
52(6), P. 1543 - 1554
Published: May 23, 2019
ConspectusNanomedicine
holds
significant
potential
to
improve
the
efficacy
of
cancer
immunotherapy.
Thus
far,
nanomedicines,
i.e.,
1–100(0)
nm
sized
drug
delivery
systems,
have
been
primarily
used
balance
between
and
toxicity
conjugated
or
entrapped
chemotherapeutic
drugs.
The
clinical
performance
nanomedicines
has
somewhat
disappointing,
which
is
arguably
mostly
due
lack
tools
technologies
for
patient
stratification.
Conversely,
progress
made
with
immunotherapy
spectacular,
achieving
complete
cures
inducing
long-term
survival
in
advanced-stage
patients.
Unfortunately,
however,
only
works
well
relatively
small
subsets
Increasing
amounts
preclinical
data
demonstrate
that
combining
nanomedicine
can
boost
therapeutic
outcomes,
by
turning
"cold"
nonimmunoresponsive
tumors
metastases
into
"hot"
immunoresponsive
lesions.Nano-immunotherapy
be
realized
via
three
different
approaches,
are
(1)
target
cells,
(2)
tumor
immune
microenvironment,
(3)
peripheral
system.
When
targeting
typically
aim
induce
immunogenic
cell
death,
thereby
triggering
release
antigens
danger-associated
molecular
patterns,
such
as
calreticulin
translocation,
high
mobility
group
box
1
protein
adenosine
triphosphate.
latter
serve
adjuvants
alert
antigen-presenting
cells
take
up,
process
present
former,
promoting
generation
CD8+
cytotoxic
T
cells.
Nanomedicines
microenvironment
potentiate
inhibiting
immunosuppressive
M2-like
tumor-associated
macrophages,
reducing
expression
molecules,
transforming
growth
factor
beta.
In
addition,
employed
promote
activity
microenvironment.
system
enhance
antigen
presentation
production
secondary
lymphoid
organs,
lymph
nodes
spleen,
engineer
strengthen
effector
populations,
anticancer
immunity.While
majority
immunomodulatory
development,
exciting
results
already
reported
initial
trials.
To
ensure
efficient
translation
nano-immunotherapy
constructs
concepts,
we
consider
biomarkers
their
make
sure
right
formulation
combined
patient.
this
context,
learn
from
currently
ongoing
efforts
nano-biomarker
identification
partially
established
immuno-biomarker
initiatives,
Immunoscore
immunogram.
Together,
these
protocols
will
help
capture
nano-immuno
status
individual
patients,
enabling
use
individualized
improved
nanomedicine-based
treatments
Advanced Materials,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
31(23)
Published: March 27, 2019
Chimeric
antigen
receptor
(CAR)-redirected
T
lymphocytes
(CAR
cells)
show
modest
therapeutic
efficacy
in
solid
tumors.
The
desmoplastic
structure
of
the
tumor
and
immunosuppressive
microenvironment
usually
account
for
reduced
CAR
cells
Mild
hyperthermia
reduces
its
compact
interstitial
fluid
pressure,
increases
blood
perfusion,
releases
antigens,
promotes
recruitment
endogenous
immune
cells.
Therefore,
combination
mild
with
adoptive
transfer
can
potentially
increase
index
these
It
is
found
that
chondroitin
sulfate
proteoglycan-4
(CSPG4)-specific
infused
Nod
scid
gamma
mice
engrafted
human
melanoma
WM115
cell
line
have
superior
antitumor
activity
after
photothermal
ablation
tumor.
findings
suggest
therapy
facilitates
accumulation
effector
function
within