Organoids

Nature Reviews Methods Primers, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 2(1)

Published: Dec. 1, 2022

Organoids have attracted increasing attention because they are simple tissue-engineered cell-based in vitro models that recapitulate many aspects of the complex structure and function corresponding vivo tissue. They can be dissected interrogated for fundamental mechanistic studies on development, regeneration, repair human tissues. also used diagnostics, disease modeling, drug discovery, personalized medicine. derived from either pluripotent or tissue-resident stem (embryonic adult) progenitor differentiated cells healthy diseased tissues, such as tumors. To date, numerous organoid engineering strategies support culture growth, proliferation, differentiation maturation been reported. This Primer serves to highlight rationale underlying selection development these materials methods control cellular/tissue niche; therefore, engineered organoid. We discuss key considerations generating robust organoids, those related cell isolation seeding, matrix soluble factor selection, physical cues integration. The general standards data quality, reproducibility deposition within community is outlined. Lastly, we conclude by elaborating limitations organoids different applications, priorities coming years.

Language: Английский

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Macrophage autophagy in macrophage polarization, chronic inflammation and organ fibrosis

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Oct. 6, 2022

As the essential regulators of organ fibrosis, macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes after injury. These in macrophage phenotype function can result maladaptive repair, causing chronic inflammation development pathological fibrosis. Autophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, is one major players to maintain homeostasis through clearing protein aggregates, damaged organelles, invading pathogens. Emerging evidence has shown that autophagy plays an role polarization, inflammation, Because high heterogeneity different organs, types may play roles Here, we review current understanding fibrosis highlight potential treatment Finally, important unresolved issues this field are briefly discussed. A better mechanisms contribute developing novel therapies for inflammatory diseases

Language: Английский

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3D Bioprinting of Heterogeneous Constructs Providing Tissue‐Specific Microenvironment Based on Host–Guest Modulated Dynamic Hydrogel Bioink for Osteochondral Regeneration

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 32(23)

Published: March 15, 2022

Abstract 3D bioprinting is a promising strategy to develop heterogeneous constructs that mimic osteochondral tissue. However, conventional bioprinted hydrogels suffer from intrinsically weak mechanical strength, limited cell adaptability, and no sustained release of biochemical drugs, restraining their use as bioinks emulate native extracellular matrix. Herein, novel host–guest modulated dynamic hydrogel developed for cell‐laden regeneration. Apart gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), this bioink consists dopamine‐functionalized GelMA acrylate β‐cyclodextrin crosslinked by interaction the network obtaining promoted enhanced adhesion, reinforced tunable modulus. Moreover, based on drug provided cavity β‐cyclodextrin, construct constructed employing kartogenin (a chondrogenic factor) into upper zone with lower Young's modulus melatonin (an osteogenic bottom higher microenvironment. With favorable regeneration results in vitro vivo, broad application tissues engineering expected.

Language: Английский

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Recent advances in defined hydrogels in organoid research

Bioactive Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28, P. 386 - 401

Published: June 16, 2023

Organoids are in vitro model systems that mimic the complexity of organs with multicellular structures and functions, which provide great potential for biomedical tissue engineering. However, their current formation heavily relies on using complex animal-derived extracellular matrices (ECM), such as Matrigel. These often poorly defined chemical components exhibit limited tunability reproducibility. Recently, biochemical biophysical properties hydrogels can be precisely tuned, offering broader opportunities to support development maturation organoids. In this review, fundamental ECM vivo critical strategies design organoid culture summarized. Two typically derived from natural synthetic polymers applicability improve organoids presented. The representative applications incorporating into highlighted. Finally, some challenges future perspectives also discussed developing advanced technologies toward supporting research.

Language: Английский

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Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures: The Bridge between In Vitro and In Vivo Models

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(15), P. 12046 - 12046

Published: July 27, 2023

Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and signaling pathways as well nuclear activities, simplicity of this does not fully reflect heterogeneity complexity vivo systems. From arises need to use animals for experimental research testing. Nevertheless, animal experimentation presents various aspects complexity, such ethical issues, which led Russell Burch 1959 formulate 3R (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) principle, underlying urgent introduce non-animal-based methods research. Considering this, three-dimensional (3D) models emerged scientific community a bridge between models, allowing achievement differentiation while avoiding The purpose review is provide general overview most common establish 3D culture discuss their promising applications. Three-dimensional cultures have employed study both organ physiology diseases; moreover, they represent valuable tool studying many cancer. Finally, possibility using drug screening regenerative medicine paves way development new therapeutic opportunities diseases.

Language: Английский

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Patient-derived organoids in human cancer: a platform for fundamental research and precision medicine

Molecular Biomedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: Feb. 12, 2024

Abstract Cancer is associated with a high degree of heterogeneity, encompassing both inter- and intra-tumor along considerable variability in clinical response to common treatments across patients. Conventional models for tumor research, such as vitro cell cultures vivo animal models, demonstrate significant limitations that fall short satisfying the research requisites. Patient-derived organoids, which recapitulate structures, specific functions, molecular characteristics, genomics alterations expression profiles primary tumors. They have been efficaciously implemented illness portrayal, mechanism exploration, high-throughput drug screening assessment, discovery innovative therapeutic targets potential compounds, customized treatment regimen cancer In contrast conventional organoids offer an intuitive, dependable, efficient model by conserving phenotypic, genetic diversity, mutational attributes originating tumor. Nevertheless, organoid technology also confronts bottlenecks challenges, how comprehensively reflect microenvironment, angiogenesis, reduce costs, establish standardized construction processes while retaining reliability. This review extensively examines use techniques fundamental precision medicine. It emphasizes importance patient-derived biobanks development, screening, safety evaluation, personalized Additionally, it evaluates application experimental better understand mechanisms The intent this explicate significance present new avenues future research.

Language: Английский

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Three-dimensional-cultured MSC-derived exosome with hydrogel for cerebral ischemia repair

Biomaterials Advances, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 149, P. 213396 - 213396

Published: March 22, 2023

Language: Английский

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Vascular organoids: unveiling advantages, applications, challenges, and disease modelling strategies

Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Oct. 10, 2023

Abstract Understanding mechanisms and manifestations of cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, on vascular cells such as endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle remains elusive partly due to the lack appropriate disease models. Therefore, here we explore different aspects for development advanced 3D in vitro models that recapitulate human blood vessel complications using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem which retain epigenetic, transcriptomic, metabolic memory their patient-of-origin. In this review, highlight superiority organoids over conventional 2D cell culture systems research. We outline key benefits both health contexts discuss current challenges associated with organoid technology, providing potential solutions. Furthermore, diverse applications emphasize importance incorporating all relevant cellular components a model accurately pathophysiology. As specific example, present comprehensive overview diabetic vasculopathy, demonstrating how interplay types is critical successful modelling complex processes vitro. Finally, propose strategy creating an organ-specific vasculopathy model, serving valuable template other diseases by disease-specific stressors organotypic modifications. Graphical abstract

Language: Английский

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Small Joint Organoids 3D Bioprinting: Construction Strategy and Application

Small, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(8)

Published: Oct. 9, 2023

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that causes pain and disability in adults, affecting ≈300 million people worldwide. It caused by damage to cartilage, including cellular inflammation destruction of the extracellular matrix (ECM), leading limited self‐repairing ability due lack blood vessels nerves cartilage tissue. Organoid technology has emerged as promising approach for repair, but constructing joint organoids with their complex structures special mechanisms still challenging. To overcome these boundaries, 3D bioprinting allows precise design physiologically relevant organoids, shape, structure, mechanical properties, arrangement, biological cues mimic natural In this review, authors will introduce structure tissues, summarize key procedures propose strategies using bioprinting. The also discuss challenges organoids’ approaches perspectives on future applications, opening opportunities model tissues response treatment.

Language: Английский

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Biomaterials Elicit Pyroptosis Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapy

Advanced Functional Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 34(7)

Published: Nov. 5, 2023

Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has the potential to revolutionize treatment of malignant tumors, but its effectiveness is limited by low immune response rate and immune‐related adverse events. Pyroptosis, as an inflammatory programmed cell death type, triggers strong acute antitumor immunity, converting “cold” tumors “hot”. Particularly, biomaterials loading pyroptosis inducers targeting tumor microenvironment engineer pyroptosis, have achieved great progress in recent years. Herein, design strategy, mechanism pathway, role induce cancer are comprehensively reviewed. The present review focuses on application biomaterials‐induced immunotherapy, including nanogel, polymer prodrug, nanovesicle, mesoporous material. Additionally, synthesis a series stimuli‐responsive nanoplatforms, glutathione‐responsive, pH‐responsive, reactive oxygen species‐responsive, enzyme‐mimicking catalytic performance, described. Meanwhile, it augments multiple processes uptake, antigen presentation, T‐cell activation, expansion. Finally, perspectives pyroptosis‐mediated inflammation break through vascular basement membrane barrier achieving efficient volcanic penetration discussed. Artificial intelligence, multi‐omics analysis, anthropogenic animal models organoids presented, aiming provide guidance assistance for constructing effective controllable pyroptosis‐engineered improving immunotherapy.

Language: Английский

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