A comprehensive review and classification of unit operations with assessment of outputs quality in lithium-ion battery recycling

Journal of Power Sources, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 546, P. 231979 - 231979

Published: Aug. 26, 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the core component of electrification transition, being used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage. The exponential growth LIB use generates a large flow spent which must be recycled. This paper provides comprehensive review industrial realities recycling companies Europe, North America, Asia. An in-depth description representative pyrometallurgy-based hydrometallurgy-based processes is reported, providing classification unit operations, their readiness, quality output materials. analysis shows that pyrometallurgical route can treat different chemistries without pre-sorting, but Li not recovered unless slag refined. Hydrometallurgy-based more chemistry-specific in, although affected by losses electrode active materials during mechanical pre-treatments for black mass separation. Efforts required to promote Europe capacity readiness hydrometallurgical facilitating sorting separations. There also need harmonization criteria outputs definitions rules calculating efficiency indicators. represents an opportunity modeling support quantitative techno-economic environmental assessments entire chain.

Language: Английский

---

Grid-Connected Energy Storage Systems: State-of-the-Art and Emerging Technologies

Proceedings of the IEEE, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 111(4), P. 397 - 420

Published: June 28, 2022

High penetration of renewable energy resources in the power system results various new challenges for operators. One promising solutions to sustain quality and reliability is integration storage systems (ESSs). This article investigates current emerging trends technologies grid-connected ESSs. Different ESSs categorized as mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, chemical, thermal are briefly explained. Especially, a detailed review battery (BESSs) provided they attracting much attention owing, part, ongoing electrification transportation. Then, services that provide grid discussed. Grid connection BESSs requires electronic converters. Therefore, survey popular converter topologies, including transformer-based, transformerless with distributed or common dc-link, hybrid systems, along some discussions implementing advanced support functionalities BESS control, presented. Furthermore, requirements standards codes reviewed several countries around globe. Finally, technologies, flexible control photovoltaic hydrogen, second-life batteries from electric vehicles, discussed this article.

Language: Английский

---

A Universal Molten Salt Method for Direct Upcycling of Spent Ni‐rich Cathode towards Single‐crystalline Li‐rich Cathode

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 62(25)

Published: April 21, 2023

Abstract With ever‐increasing pursuit for high‐value output in recycling spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), traditional methods of cathodes tend to be obsolete because the complicated procedures. Herein, we first upcycle polycrystal LiNi 0.88 Co 0.095 Al 0.025 O 2 (S‐NCA) high value‐added single‐crystalline and Li‐rich cathode materials through a simple but feasible LiOH‐Na SO 4 eutectic molten salt strategy. The situ X‐ray diffraction technique series paratactic experiments record evolution process upcycling prove that excessive Li occupies transition metal (TM) layers. Beneficial from nature, regenerated NCA (R‐NCA) exhibits remarkably enhanced electrochemical performances terms long‐term cyclability, high‐rate performance low polarization. This approach can also successfully extended other e.g., x y Mn z (NCM) mixed NCAs with varied degree loss.

Language: Английский

---

Highly efficient dissolution of the cathode materials of spent Ni–Co–Mn lithium batteries using deep eutectic solvents

Green Chemistry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(17), P. 6562 - 6570

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

We have discovered a deep eutectic solvent (consisting of betaine hydrochloride and ethylene glycol) capable rapid efficient leaching spent Ni–Co–Mn lithium batteries.

Language: Английский

---

Rejuvenating LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode directly from battery scraps

eScience, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3(2), P. 100091 - 100091

Published: Jan. 7, 2023

Battery recycling is indispensable for alleviating critical material shortages and enabling sustainable battery applications. However, current methods mostly focus on spent batteries, which not only require sophisticated disassembly extraction but also have unknown chemistries states of health, resulting in high costs extreme challenges to achieve regeneration. Here, we propose the direct effective regeneration air-degraded LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode directly from scraps generated during manufacturing. The NCM523 shows surface degradation a few nanometers deep accordingly can be regenerated without adding Li, achieving restored properties (170 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 92.7% retention after 1000 cycles) similar those fresh commercial materials. EverBatt analysis that scrap has profit $1.984 ​kg−1, ∼10 times higher than conventional recycling, making it practical economical rejuvenate slightly degraded electrode materials

Language: Английский

---

Recycling Hazardous and Valuable Electrolyte in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Urgency, Progress, Challenge, and Viable Approach

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 123(13), P. 8718 - 8735

Published: June 20, 2023

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming a hot global issue due to the huge amount of scrap, hazardous, and valuable materials associated with end-of-life LIBs. The electrolyte, accounting for 10–15 wt % LIBs, most hazardous substance involved in recycling Meanwhile, components, especially Li-based salts, make economically beneficial. However, studies electrolyte still account only small fraction number LIB papers. On other hand, many more about have been published Chinese but are not well-known worldwide limitations language. To build bridge between Western academic achievements on treatments, this Review first illustrates urgency importance analyzes reason its neglect. Then, we introduce principles processes collection methods including mechanical processing, distillation freezing, solvent extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide. We also discuss separation regeneration an emphasis recovering lithium salts. advantages, disadvantages, challenges processes. Moreover, propose five viable approaches industrialized applications efficiently recycle electrolytes that combine different processing steps, ranging from heat mechanochemistry situ catalysis, discharging dioxide extraction. conclude discussion future directions recycling. This will contribute efficiently, environmentally friendly, economically.

Language: Английский

---

Recycling Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries Using Carbothermal Shock Method

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 62(15)

Published: Feb. 14, 2023

Pyrometallurgy technique is usually applied as a pretreatment to enhance the leaching efficiencies in hydrometallurgy process for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. However, traditional pyrometallurgy processes are energy and time consuming. Here, we report carbothermal shock (CTS) method reducing LiNi0.3 Co0.2 Mn0.5 O2 (NCM325) cathode materials with uniform temperature distribution, high heating cooling rates, temperatures, ultrafast reaction times. Li can be selectively leached through water after CTS an efficiency of >90 %. Ni, Co, Mn recovered by dilute acid >98 The reduction strategy feasible various materials, including NCM111, NCM523, NCM622, NCM811, LiCoO2 , LiMn2 O4 . process, its low consumption potential scale application, provides efficient environmentally friendly way

Language: Английский

---

Rapid, Direct Regeneration of Spent LiCoO₂ Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

ACS Energy Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(7), P. 3005 - 3012

Published: June 14, 2023

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is essential for the sustainable development renewable energy technologies, as it promotes resource reuse and environmental protection. cathode materials particularly important due to their high concentration strategic elements. However, traditional recycling methods are often inefficient consumption prolonged operation time. Here, we present an efficient, one-step, nondestructive method regenerating LiCoO2 cathodes within seconds. This simultaneously achieves relithiation material repair crystal structure through rapid Joule heating. Compared methods, this process exhibits low shortened After 8 s process, regenerated has a well-defined layered restored its original electrochemical performance, with initial discharge capacity 133.0 mAh/g good cycling performance. work represents potentially universal approach efficient direct regeneration materials.

Language: Английский

---

Revealing the degradation patterns of lithium-ion batteries from impedance spectroscopy using variational auto-encoders

Energy storage materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 69, P. 103394 - 103394

Published: April 10, 2024

Language: Английский

---

A review on technologies for recovery of metals from waste lithium-ion batteries

Journal of Power Sources, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 580, P. 233428 - 233428

Published: July 24, 2023

Language: Английский

---