The Role of Lipid Metabolism in COVID-19 Virus Infection and as a Drug Target

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(10), P. 3544 - 3544

Published: May 17, 2020

The current Coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 pandemic has infected over two million people and resulted in the death of one hundred thousand at time writing this review. is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Even though multiple vaccines treatments are under development so far, only slowing down extreme social distancing measures that difficult to maintain. SARS-COV-2 an enveloped virus surrounded a lipid bilayer. Lipids fundamental cell components play various biological roles ranging from being structural building block signaling molecule as well central energy store. role lipids viral infection involves fusion membrane host cell, replication, endocytosis exocytosis. Since crucial function life cycle, we asked whether drugs targeting metabolism, such statins, can be utilized against SARS-CoV-2 other viruses. In review, discuss metabolism possibility interfere with cycle.

Language: Английский

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The COVID-19 pandemic face mask waste: A blooming threat to the marine environment

Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 272, P. 129601 - 129601

Published: Jan. 11, 2021

Language: Английский

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A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: June 19, 2020

A novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has entered the human population and spread rapidly around world in first half of 2020 a global pandemic. The virus uses its spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain to interact with host cell angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) sites initiate cascade events that culminate severe acute respiratory syndrome some individuals. In efforts curtail viral spread, authorities initiated far-reaching lockdowns have disrupted economies. scientific medical communities are mounting serious limit this pandemic subsequent waves by developing preventative vaccines re-purposing existing drugs as potential therapies. review, we focus on latest developments COVID-19 vaccine development, including results Phase I clinical trials describe number early candidates emerging field. We seek provide balanced coverage seven main platforms used development will lead desired target product profile for "ideal" vaccine. Using tales past discovery taken many years or failed, temper over exuberant enthusiasm cautious optimism community reach elusive treat end

Language: Английский

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Unfolding the Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in China

Journal of Medical Internet Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 23(1), P. e26089 - e26089

Published: Dec. 24, 2020

Background China is at the forefront of global efforts to develop COVID-19 vaccines and has five fast-tracked candidates final-stage, large-scale human clinical trials testing phase. Vaccine-promoting policymaking for public engagement a prerequisite social mobilization. However, making an informed judicious choice dilemma Chinese government in vaccine promotion context. Objective In this study, opinions were analyzed via dialogues on media, based which netizens’ views vaccination investigated. We also aimed strategies promoting programs in-depth understanding challenges risk communication Methods proposed novel behavioral dynamics model, SRS/I (susceptible-reading-susceptible/immune), analyze opinion transmission paradigms media. Coupled with meta-analysis natural language processing techniques, emotion polarity individual was examined their given Results collected more than 1.75 million Weibo messages about from January October 2020. According reproduction ratio (R0), dynamic propagation those can be classified into three periods: ferment period (R01=1.1360), revolution (R02=2.8278), (R03=3.0729). Topics acceptance include price side effects. From September October, users claimed that overpriced, up 18.3% (n=899) messages; 38.1% (n=81,909) relevant topics received likes. On contrary, number considered reasonably priced twice as high but fewer likes, accounting 25.0% (n=53,693). addition, we obtained 441 (47.7%) positive 295 (31.9%) negative Interestingly, inactivated instigated heated discussions any other type. The discussions, forwards, comments, likes associated related accounted 53% (n=588), 42% (n=3072), 56% (n=3671), 49% (n=17,940), respectively, total activity types China. Conclusions Most netizens believe less expensive previously thought, while some claim they cannot afford it entire family. findings demonstrate individuals are inclined effects over time proud China’s involvement development. Nevertheless, have collective misunderstanding vaccines, insisting safer vaccines. Reflecting responses, unfolding determinants provide illuminating benchmarks vaccine-promoting policies.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 Vaccines: A Race Against Time in the Middle of Death and Devastation!

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(6), P. 610 - 621

Published: June 10, 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has turned into a global human tragedy and economic devastation. Governments have implemented lockdown measures, blocked international travel, enforced other public containment measures to mitigate the virus morbidity mortality. As of today, no drug power fight infection bring normalcy utter chaos. This leaves us with only one choice namely an effective safe vaccine that shall be manufactured as soon possible available all countries populations affected by pandemic at affordable price. There been unprecedented fast track path taken in Research & Development World community for developing vaccine. Platform technology exploited develop candidate vaccines matter days weeks, now, 108 such are available. Six these entered clinical trials. trials "rate-limiting" "time-consuming", many innovative methods practice track. These include parallel phase I-II obtaining efficacy data from IIb Human "challenge experiments" confirm humans is under serious consideration. availability COVID-19 become race against time middle death atmosphere tremendous hype around vaccine, developers using every moment make claims, which remain unverified. However, concerns raised about rush deploy Applying "Quick fix" "short cuts" can lead errors disastrous consequences. originated Wuhan, China, December 2019, catastrophe.1Gates B. Responding Covid-19 - once-in-a-century pandemic?.N Engl J Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2003762Crossref PubMed Scopus (700) Google Scholar designated severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused agent (COVID-19).2WHO Naming Coronavirus Disease Virus Causes it. Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland2020https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(COVID-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-itGoogle Organization (WHO) pronounced on March 11, 2020.3WHO Pandemic. Switzerland2020https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019Google May 4th, 2020, spread 212 territories 2 conveyances, over 3.5 million cases 250000 deaths.4Anonymous Worldometer. United States. Dadax Limited., 2020https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1?Google average affects 33,000 individuals 1300 deaths daily. world responded challenge devastation resilience determination.5Legido-Quigley H. Asgari N. Teo Y.Y. et al.Are high-performing health systems resilient epidemic?.Lancet. 395: 848-850Abstract Full Text PDF (324) mortality.6Arun T.K. Coronavirus: there alternative lockdowns?. Economic Times, 2020Google Scholar, 7WHO Advice Public.2020https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-publicGoogle 8WHO Updated WHO Recommendations International Traffic Relation Outbreak.2020https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/updated-who-recommendations-for-international-traffic-in-relation-to-covid-19-outbreakGoogle major understanding well pathogen, generated widely publicized weeks rather than years decades, occurrence history medicine.9Kumar Lockdown 2.0: how it impacts ailing economy. India 10Nelson R. disrupts delivery.Lancet Infect Dis. Abstract (114) 11Shoenfeld Y. Corona musings: our involvement pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, planning.Autoimmun Rev. : 102538Crossref (165) 12Ebrahim S.H. Ahmed Q.A. Gozzer E. Schlagenhauf P. Memish Z.A. mitigation strategies pandemic.BMJ. 368: m1066Crossref (295) SARS-CoV-2 belongs family zoonotic viruses known Coronavirus, genus Betacoronavirus closely related Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) Middle East (MERS-CoV).13Lai M.M. Cavanagh D. molecular biology coronaviruses.Adv Res. 1997; 48: 1-100Crossref All 3 bat cross cause through intermediate host (civets SARS-CoV, camels MERS-CoV, possibly pangolins SARS-CoV-2).14Graham R.L. Donaldson E.F. Baric R.S. A decade after SARS: controlling emerging coronaviruses.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013; 11: 836-848Crossref (519) 15Assiri A. Al-Tawfiq J.A. Al-Rabeeah A.A. al.Epidemiological, demographic, characteristics 47 syndrome Saudi Arabia: descriptive study.Lancet 13: 752-761Abstract (1105) 16Zumla A.I. coronavirus: epidemic potential or storm teacup?.Eur Respir J. 2014; 43: 1243-1248Crossref (18) 17Yong C.Y. Ong H.K. Yeap S.K. Ho K.L. Tan W.S. Recent advances development syndrome-coronavirus.Front 2019; 10: 1781Crossref (164) 18Shereen M.A. Khan S. Kazmi Bashir Siddique infection: origin, transmission, coronaviruses.J Adv 24: 91-98Crossref (2301) Coronaviruses enveloped viruses, 125 nm diameter, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome 30 kb nucleocapsid helical symmetry. wrapped icosahedral protein shell. surface multiple club-shaped spikes, creates appearance solar corona electron micrsocopy (EM). viral envelope consists lipid bilayer, membrane (M), (E), spike (S) structural proteins anchored. coronaviruses use angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors cellular entry receptor; however, propensity attach much higher, giving high infectivity.13Lai intensive search resultant not led any breakthrough agents. Few drugs hydroxychloroquine remdesivir advocated desperate based few preliminary, contradictory, inconclusive studies.19NIHNIH Clinical Trial Shows Remdesivir Accelerates Recovery Advanced COVID-19. National Institute Allergy Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA2020https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/nih-clinical-trial-shows-remdesivir-accelerates-recovery-advanced-covid-19Google 20Wang Yea adults COVID-19: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.Lancet. (published online April 29)https://doiorg/101016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9Abstract (2481) 21Rathi Ish Kalantri Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis contacts India.Lancet (PMC7164849)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30313-3https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32311324Abstract (87) 22Raoult Hsueh P.R. Stefani Rolain J.M. therapeutic prevention.Int Antimicrob Agents. 105937Crossref (21) 23Khuroo M. Sofi Khuroo Chloroquine IN (COVID-19). FACTS, fiction hype. critical appraisal....2020https://doiorg/106084/m9figshare12177117v1. What we need least 95% stop pandemic. may save lives but nowhere near chaos pandemic.24Gates race, explained. You Need Know Vaccine GatsNotes Blog Bill Gates.2020https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccineGoogle price.25Guarascio F.U.N. Calls COVID Vaccine, Treatment Available All. Reuters Health, Brussels2020https://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-eu-virus-un/u-n-calls-for-covid-vaccine-treatment-available-for-all-idINKBN22G1MZGoogle Scholar,26Dyer O. Covid-19: trump sought buy exclusively US, say German officials.BMJ. m1100Crossref (14) generate herd immunity communities, will reduce incidence disease, block social burden disease. Very immunization coverage effectively pandemic, prevent secondary waves infection, control seasonal endemic outbursts. Eventually, eradicated happened diseases had even higher pandemics smallpox, poliomyelitis, etc.27Anonymous Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Australian Government. Dept July 20, 2010https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alertGoogle Scholar,28Anonymous Vaccines Your Children. Almost Forgot (Thanks Vaccines). Centre Control Prevention, 2020https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/forgot-14-diseases.htmlGoogle medical preparations ranging intact organisms (attenuated live inactivated) genetically engineered parts (antigenic) induce both arms adaptive immune system stimulate sufficient number memory T cells B lymphocytes.29Aryal Vaccines-introduction Types Examples Online Microbiology Notes Sagar Aryal.2020https://microbenotes.com/author/sagararyalnepal/Google should contain antigens necessary mount specific response without causing Once challenged yield effector antibody-producing infection. antibodies neutralizing type binds infection.30Clem A.S. Fundamentals immunology.J Glob 2011; 3: 73-78Crossref (243) coated either cannot interact receptor unable uncoat genome. Most currently licensed antibody responses capable mediating long-term protection lytic influenza smallpox.31Payne Chapter 6. Immunity Resistance Viruses. Viruses: From Understanding Investigation. Academic Press, 2017: 61-71Google cell–based recognize kill infected do also infection.32Siegrist C.-A. 2. immunology.in: Plotkin Orenstein W. Offit Edwards K.M. Plotkin's Vaccines. 7th. ed. Imprint: Elsevier, States2017: 1-26Google Following antigen processing dendritic cells, small peptides displayed cell groove histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I II molecules. Cytotoxic (CD8+) MHC I-peptide complexes differentiate cytotoxic killing pathogens. Helper (CD4+) II-peptide produce preferentially helper 1 (Th1) (Th2) cytokines (Figure 1). Th1 support CD8+ differentiation, contrast inhibited Th2-like cytokines. chronic pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria, HCV, HIV, etc. more often require cell-mediated infection.33Esser M.T. Marchese R.D. Kierstead L.S. al.Memory vaccines.Vaccine. 2003; 21: 419-430Crossref (146) success pathogen issue depends elicited body organism. While successful several including 14 infectious diseases,27Anonymous vaccine-preventable.34Randal Hepatitis C hampered complexity, technical restraints.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 906-908Crossref (4) Scholar,35Alcorn K. Search HIV Prevention Vaccine.2020http://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/search-hiv-prevention-vaccineGoogle HCV proved challenging. extreme genetic heterogeneity hypervariable regions (target antibodies), mutation contributes escape.36Bankwitz Steinmann Bitzegeio al.Hepatitis region modulates interactions, conceals CD81 binding site, protects conserved epitopes.J Virol. 2010; 84: 5751-5763Crossref (189) mutations mixture genomes patient patient. Also, mounted infections predominantly nonneutralizing. Neutralizing absent weak neutralize narrow range circulating strains appear subgroup patients who recover "elite controller".37De Rose Kent S.J. Ranasinghe C. Singh Salnikova 12 Prime-Boost Vaccination: Impact HIV-1 Field. Elsevier Inc., 2015Google Another aspect considered whether grown culture transmitted animals experimentation. Since discovered cloning 1989, its propagation difficult, hampers ability investigators experiment various antigenic components virus.38Duverlie G. Wychowski Cell hepatitis virus.World Gastroenterol. 2007; 2442-2445Crossref (16) To COVID-19, consider things natural Does mutate, phenomenon escape seen HCV.34Randal shown true virus. slow mild, mutants show nearly similar sequences parent strain. Dorp al.39Lv Aeman Richard Shaw L.P. Ford C.F. Ormond L. Emergence genomic diversity recurrent SARS-CoV-2.Infection, Genetics Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104351Crossref (528) studied recorded 198 filtered mutations; most were neutral deleterious significance immunity. Ahmad al.40Ahmed S.F. Quadeer McKay M.R. Preliminary identification targets SARS-CoV immunological studies.Viruses. 12Crossref (848) found 120 identified set epitopes derived nucleoprotein (N) map identically proteins. findings provide screened help guide experimental efforts toward SARS-CoV-2. occurs vaccination nature? evokes robust arms.41Thevarajan I. Nguyen T.H.O. Koutsakos al.Breadth concomitant prior recovery: case report non-severe COVID-19.Nat 26: 453-455Crossref (748) Scholar,42Braun Loyal Frentsch Wendisch Georg al e Presence SARS-CoV-2-reactive healthy donors. medRxiv, 22, 2020https://doi.org/10.1101/2020041720061440Crossref Furthermore, IgM IgG 10th day seroconvert within weeks. internal virion activity.43Chen Li SARS-CoV-2: dynamics response. vol. 20. 2020: 515www.thelancet.com/infectionGoogle Now trial, study strength nature (mostly protein). Are people protected second third infection? Should re-infections occur, would imply protective, making possibilities difficult. scary reports South Korea thought recovered tested positive again.44Russel Can Catch Twice? Reports 91 Recovered Patients Tested Positive. Global News, 2020https://globalnews.ca/news/6805414/coronavirus-south-korea-reinfection-canada/Google An intense debate started re-activation Soon put rest, sample residual dead fragments virus, re-activated re-infected.45Guzman No Evidence Reinfections, Korean Researchers Say. Korea's Experts Said Thursday Reinfection Were Likely Testing Errors. Hill, 2020https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/medical-advances/495646-no-evidence-of-coronavirus-reinfections-southGoogle After reports, groups protective. Bao al. showed monkeys re-infection during convalescence.46Bao Deng Gao al.Reinfection could occur rhesus macaques.bioRxiy. (May 5)https://doi.org/10.1101/20200313990226Crossref administered PiCoVacc Sinovac Biotech mice, rats, nonhuman primates. strains. Three immunizations doses (3 μg 6 per dose) gave partial complete macaques SARS-CoV-2.47Gao Q. Mao al.Rapid inactivated SARS-CoV-2.Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1932https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32376603Crossref (997) exciting if reproducible For program succeed, virus/vaccine must long-lasting. address this question last months. take leads duration MERS-CoV.14Graham Scholar,17Yong Both SARS-CoV-2, Many gone immunogenic.48Roper Rehm K.E. SARS vaccines: where we?.Expert 2009; 8: 887-898Crossref (152) greatest fear among create does protect causes exacerbation, increased morbidity, mortality.48Roper 49Peeples News Feature: avoiding pitfalls pursuit vaccine.Proc Acad Sci U S 117: 8218-8221Crossref (102) 50Hotez P.J. Corry D.B. Bottazzi M.E. design: Janus face enhancement.Nat Immunol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0323-4https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32346094Crossref (140) 51de Alwis Chen Gan E.S. Ooi E.E. enhancement polyclonal hyperimmune globulin therapy development.EBioMedicine. 55: 102768Abstract (97) Some antibody-dependent (ADE), negates basic purpose vaccination.52Smatti M.K. Al Thani Yassine H.M. Viral-induced enhanced illness.Front 2018; 9: 2991Crossref (92) mediated nonneutralizing vaccination. subverted, leading exacerbated illness. because Fc receptor- complement bearing cells-mediated mechanisms. Fc-region FCγR subverts reducing TH1 (interleukin (IL-2), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interferon gamma (IFN-g)) skews TH2 10 (IL-10), interleukin (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), (INF-a)) inhibits signal transducer activator transcription pathway replication 2). ADE influenza, RSV, Dengue Zika West Nile Considering impediment development, identify highly selected done avoid production responsible enhancement. reported candidates full-length antibodies, lack challenge, presenting hepatitis, stronger inflammatory response.17Yong primates humans.51de early period vaccines, importance vigilant. following prevented shielding glycosylation selecting elicit protective Every new follows stringent protocol (R&D) meticulously followed completed before marketed 3). Regulatory authorities WHO, U.S. Food Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, national issued guidelines relevant evaluation vaccines.53WHO Guidelines Evaluation Vaccines: Expectations. Technical Report Series, No. 1004, 2017. Replacement Annex 924 Switzerland.2017https://www.who.int/biologicals/expert_committee/WHO_TRS_1004_web_Annex_9.pdf?ua=1Google 54(CHMP). CoHMPGuideline vaccines. EMEA/CHMP/VWP/164653/05 1.2018https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/draft-guideline-clinical-evaluation-vaccines-revision-1_en.pdfGoogle 55FDAGUIDANCE DOCUMENTGeneral Principles Protect Diseases. Guidance

Language: Английский

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Targets and strategies for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 137, P. 111254 - 111254

Published: Jan. 28, 2021

The SARS-CoV-2, previously called a novel coronavirus, that broke out in the Wuhan city of China caused significant number morbidity and mortality world. It is spreading at peak levels since first case reported need for vaccines immense demand globally. Numerous treatment vaccination strategies were employed other pathogens including coronaviruses are now being been adopted to guide formulation new SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Several vaccine targets can be utilized development vaccine. In this review, we highlighted potential various antigenic modes formulating an effective against SARS-CoV-2. There varying challenges encountered during developing most vaccines, measures tackling such will assist fast pace This review give concise overview aspects process 1) antigen 2) different from conventional platforms, 3) ongoing clinical trials, 4) futuristic approaches.

Language: Английский

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Nucleic Acid Vaccines for COVID-19: A Paradigm Shift in the Vaccine Development Arena

Biologics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 1(3), P. 337 - 356

Published: Oct. 23, 2021

Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has touched every country globally except five countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Tonga, Tuvalu and Nauru). Vaccination is the most effective method to protect against infectious diseases. The objective ensure that everyone access a COVID-19 vaccine. conventional vaccine development platforms are complex time-consuming obtain desired approved candidates through rigorous regulatory pathways. These safeguards guarantee optimized product safe efficacious for various demographic populations prior it being general use. Nucleic acid vaccines employ genetic material from pathogen, such as virus or bacteria, induce an immune response it. Based on vaccination, might be DNA RNA; such, offers instructions producing specific pathogen protein system will perceive foreign mount response. multiple antigens made in same facility, lowering costs even more. Most traditional regimens do not allow this. Herein, we demonstrate recent understanding advances nucleic (DNA mRNA based) specifically those human clinical trials.

Language: Английский

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Willingness to Receive SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Associated Factors among Chinese Adults: A Cross Sectional Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 1993 - 1993

Published: Feb. 18, 2021

Vaccination is a key strategy to prevent the pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims investigate willingness of Chinese adults be vaccinated against COVID-19 and further explore factors that may affect their willingness. We used self-design anonymous questionnaire conduct an online survey via Sojump. A total 1009 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The age participants ranged from 18 74. Among them, 609 (60.4%, 95%CI: 57.4–63.4%) willing receive severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. Logistic regression analysis results showed 30–49 (OR = 2.042, 1.098–3.799), universities colleges education 1.873, 95% CI 1.016–3.451), master degree or above 1.885, 95%CI 1.367–2.599), previous influenza vaccination history 2.176, 1.474–3.211), trust in effectiveness vaccine 6.419, 3.717–11.086), close attention latest news 1.601, 1.046–2.449) facilitative affected vaccinated. More than half China would SARS-CoV-2 Middle-aged people with higher education, those who had been influenza, believed was effective paid it more Our findings can provide reference for implementation prevention China. studies are needed after launched.

Language: Английский

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Fast-track development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: The shots that saved the world

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Oct. 3, 2022

In December 2019, an outbreak emerged of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which leads to disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organisation announced the a global health emergency on 30 January 2020 and by 11 March it was declared pandemic. spread severity took heavy toll overburdening system, particularly since there were no available drugs against SARS-CoV-2. With immediate worldwide effort, communication, sharing data, large amounts funding, researchers pharmaceutical companies immediately fast-tracked vaccine development in order prevent disease, hospitalizations death. A number vaccines quickly approved for use, vaccination rollouts put place. However, due several individuals being hesitant vaccinations many poorer countries not having access vaccines, multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants that distinct from original variant. Uncertainties related effectiveness various new as well specific-side effects have remained concern. Despite these uncertainties, fast-track approval, manufacturing at scale, effective distribution COVID-19 remain topmost priorities around world. Unprecedented efforts made developers/researchers healthcare staff, played major role distributing shots provided protection and/or reduced severity, deaths, even with delta omicron variants. Fortunately, those who become infected, appears protect hospitalisation, fatality COVID-19. Herein, we analyse ongoing studies platforms saved deaths

Language: Английский

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The Emergency Response Capacity of Plant-Based Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing-What It Is and What It Could Be

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Oct. 20, 2020

Several epidemic and pandemic diseases have emerged over the last 20 years with increasing reach severity. The current COVID-19 has affected most of world's population, causing millions infections, hundreds thousands deaths, economic disruption on a vast scale. number casualties underlines an urgent need for rapid delivery therapeutics, prophylactics such as vaccines, diagnostic reagents. Here, we review potential molecular farming in plants from manufacturing perspective, focusing speed, capacity, safety, costs transient expression systems. We highlight limitations terms regulatory framework, well future opportunities to establish plant global, de-centralized emergency response platform production biopharmaceuticals. implications public health emergencies process design costs, approval, speed scale compared conventional platforms based mammalian cell culture are discussed forward-looking strategy responses.

Language: Английский

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