SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Based on the Spike Glycoprotein and Implications of New Viral Variants

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: July 12, 2021

Coronavirus 19 Disease (COVID-19) originating in the province of Wuhan, China 2019, is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whose infection humans causes mild or clinical manifestations that mainly affect system. So far, COVID-19 has more than million deaths worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 contains Spike (S) glycoprotein on its surface, which main target for current vaccine development because antibodies directed against this protein can neutralize infection. Companies and academic institutions have developed vaccines based S glycoprotein, as well antigenic domains epitopes, been proven effective generating neutralizing antibodies. However, emergence new variants could effectiveness vaccines. Here, we review different types designed SARS-CoV-2, placing emphasis whether they are complete such receptor-binding domain (RBD) short epitopes within glycoprotein. We also discuss possible these emerging variants.

Language: Английский

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Intranasal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: From challenges to potential in COVID-19 management

Drug Discovery Today, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 26(11), P. 2619 - 2636

Published: July 29, 2021

Language: Английский

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The SARS-CoV-2 mutations versus vaccine effectiveness: New opportunities to new challenges

Journal of Infection and Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 228 - 240

Published: Jan. 5, 2022

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic is hastening the discovery of most efficient vaccines. development cost-effective vaccines seems to be only solution terminate this pandemic. However, vaccines’ effectiveness has been questioned due recurrent mutations in genome. Most are associated with spike protein, a vital target for several marketed Many countries were highly affected by 2nd wave SARS-CoV-2, like UK, India, Brazil and France. Experts also alarming further COVID-19 emergence Omicron, which affecting South African populations. This review encompasses detailed description all vaccine candidates mutants that will add value design studies combat information was generated using various search engines google scholar, PubMed, clinicaltrial.gov.in, WHO database, ScienceDirect, news portals keywords mutants, vaccines, efficacy waves. highlighted evolution variants efficacy. Currently, undergoing phases development. Their still needs check newly emerged variants. We have focused on evolution, multiple waves different clinical trials determine Various arrived, mainly concerned key component candidates. trial show impressive results, but their checked mutants. discussed vaccine’s against them. safety concern these discussed. It important understand how gets mutated better new providing long-term protection neutralizing broad mutant A proper study approach considered while designing trials, improved outcomes. Taking preventive measures protect from virus equally important,

Language: Английский

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WHO International Standard for evaluation of the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines: call for urgent action by the scientific community

The Lancet Microbe, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 3(3), P. e235 - e240

Published: Oct. 27, 2021

The first WHO International Standard and Reference Panel for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin were established by the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in December, 2020. Antibody Standards are intended to serve as global reference reagents, against which national preparations or secondary standards can be calibrated. Calibration will facilitate comparison of results assays (eg, neutralising antibody response candidate COVID-19 vaccines) conducted different countries. Use these is expected contribute better understanding immune response, particularly correlates protection. This Personal View provides some technical details SARS-CoV-2, focusing specifically use evaluation vaccines, rather than other applications diagnostic therapeutic). explanation with regard why rapid adoption crucial also included, well how funders, journals, regulators, ethics committees could drive interest public health.

Language: Английский

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The impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 [Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda] on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 25(4), P. 101606 - 101606

Published: July 1, 2021

Since the first described human infection with SARS-CoV-2 in December of 2019 many subunit protein vaccines have been proposed for use humans. Subunit one or more antigens suitable eliciting a robust immune response. However, major concern is efficacy and elicited antibodies to neutralize variants like B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) P1 (Gamma), B.1.617 (Delta) C.37 (Lambda). The Spike (S) potential fragment as an antigen vaccine development. This plays crucial role step process, it binds Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor enters host cell after binding. Immunization-induced specific against binding domain (RBD) may block effectively prevent virus invasion. focus this review impact spike mutated SARS-CoV2 (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Lambda) on recombinant vaccines. To date, low no significant Alpha Delta has reported. Such Lambda be even greater compared variant. Nonetheless, comprehensive analyses are needed assess real brought about by variants.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of COVID-19 On Comorbidities: A Review Of Recent Updates For Combating It

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 29(5), P. 3586 - 3599

Published: Feb. 10, 2022

Coronavirus disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus first appeared in Wuhan (China) December 2019 and has spread globally. Till now, it affected 269 million people with 5.3 deaths 224 countries territories. With emergence of variants like Omicron, COVID-19 cases grew exponentially, thousands deaths. general symptoms include fever, sore throat, cough, lung infections, and, severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, death. predominantly affects lung, but can also affect other organs such as brain, heart, gastrointestinal system. It observed that 75 % hospitalized patients have at least one associated comorbidity. most common reported comorbidities are hypertension, NDs, diabetes, cancer, endothelial dysfunction, CVDs. Moreover, older pre-existing polypharmacy worsened complications. results hypercoagulability issues gangrene, stroke, pulmonary embolism, This review aims to provide latest information on impact CVDs, COPD, will help us understand current scenario comorbidities; thus, play an important role management decision-making efforts tackle

Language: Английский

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Exploring the reported adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines among vaccinated Arab populations: a multi-national survey study

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Feb. 27, 2024

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a major challenge worldwide for the past years with high morbidity and mortality rates. While vaccination was cornerstone to control spread, concerns regarding safety adverse events (AEs) have raised lately. A cross-sectional study conducted between January 1st 22nd, 2022, in six Arabic countries namely Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Iraq, Algeria. We utilized self-administered questionnaire validated which encompassed two main parts. first sociodemographic data while second about COVID-19 history, types, doses, experienced AEs. multistage sampling employed each country, involving random selection of three governorates from followed by one urban area rural governorate. included responses 1564 participants. most common AEs after doses were local (67.9% 46.6%, respectively) bone pain myalgia (37.6% 31.8%, respectively). After third dose, (45.7%) fever (32.4%). Johnson Johnson, Sputnik Light, Moderna vaccines showed highest frequency Factors associated dose an increase age (aOR 61–75 compared 12–18 group: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.59–4.25, p = 0.001) male gender (OR: 0.72, 0.63–0.82, < 0.001). cumulative post-vaccination reported Sinovac (16.1%), Sinopharm (15.8%), (14.9) vaccines. History pre-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increases risk first, second, booster 3.09, 1.9–5.07, 0.0001; OR: 2.56, 1.89–3.47, 2.94, 1.6–5.39, 0.0005 In conclusion, among our participants, especially Further extensive studies are needed generate more generalizable different

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Revealing Vaccine-Resistant Mutations in Europe and America

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(49), P. 11850 - 11857

Published: Dec. 7, 2021

The importance of understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution cannot be overlooked. Recent studies confirm that natural selection is the dominating mechanism evolution, which favors mutations strengthen viral infectivity. Here, we demonstrate vaccine-breakthrough or antibody-resistant provide a new evolution. Specifically, vaccine-resistant mutation Y449S in spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain, occurred co-mutations and N501Y, has reduced infectivity compared to original but can disrupt existing antibodies neutralize virus. By tracking evolutionary trajectories more than 2.2 million genomes, reveal occurrence frequency correlate strongly with vaccination rates Europe America. We anticipate as complementary transmission pathway, mutations, like those Omicron, will become when most world's population either vaccinated infected. Our study sheds light on enables design next-generation mutation-proof vaccines antibody drugs.

Language: Английский

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Nucleic Acid Vaccines for COVID-19: A Paradigm Shift in the Vaccine Development Arena

Biologics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 1(3), P. 337 - 356

Published: Oct. 23, 2021

Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has touched every country globally except five countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Tonga, Tuvalu and Nauru). Vaccination is the most effective method to protect against infectious diseases. The objective ensure that everyone access a COVID-19 vaccine. conventional vaccine development platforms are complex time-consuming obtain desired approved candidates through rigorous regulatory pathways. These safeguards guarantee optimized product safe efficacious for various demographic populations prior it being general use. Nucleic acid vaccines employ genetic material from pathogen, such as virus or bacteria, induce an immune response it. Based on vaccination, might be DNA RNA; such, offers instructions producing specific pathogen protein system will perceive foreign mount response. multiple antigens made in same facility, lowering costs even more. Most traditional regimens do not allow this. Herein, we demonstrate recent understanding advances nucleic (DNA mRNA based) specifically those human clinical trials.

Language: Английский

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Recent Advances and Challenges in Gene Delivery Mediated by Polyester-Based Nanoparticles

International Journal of Nanomedicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: Volume 16, P. 5981 - 6002

Published: Aug. 1, 2021

Abstract: Gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of several diseases, such as chronic or viral infections, inherited disorders, and cancer. The cellular internalization exogenous nucleic acids (NA) requires efficient delivery vehicles to overcome their inherent pharmacokinetic drawbacks, e.g. electrostatic repulsions, enzymatic degradation, limited uptake, fast clearance, etc. Nanotechnological advancements have enabled use polymer-based nanostructured biomaterials safe effective gene systems, in addition vector methods. Among plethora polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), this review will provide comprehensive in-depth summary polyester-based nanovehicles, including poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polylactic acid (PLA) NPs, used deliver variety foreign NA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), messenger (mRNA), plasmid DNA (pDNA). article versatility nanocarriers recent application clustered, regularly‐interspaced, palindromic repeats/Cas (CRISPR/Cas) genome editing system treating gene-related diseases. remaining challenges future trend targeted revolutionary genome-editing be discussed. Special attention given pivotal role nanotechnology tackling emerging infections coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): ground-breaking mRNA vaccines delivered by NPs are currently worldwide fight pandemic, pushing boundaries therapy. Keywords: PLGA, PLA, siRNA, CRISPR, COVID-19, CLAN

Language: Английский

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