The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Aug. 17, 2018

During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen supply for growth of baby in utero during subsequent lactation. These include changes cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune metabolic mother. Failure appropriately adjust maternal physiology pregnant state may result pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes abnormal birth weight, which can further lead a range medically significant complications baby. The placenta, forms functional interface separating fetal circulations, is important mediating adaptations physiology. It secretes plethora hormones into circulation modulate transfers nutrients available fetus growth. Among these placental hormones, prolactin-growth hormone family, steroids neuropeptides play critical roles driving physiological pregnancy. This review examines that occur response significance production such changes.

Language: Английский

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The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 226(5), P. 607 - 632

Published: Dec. 27, 2021

Language: Английский

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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Steroid Biosynthesis, Transport and Metabolism in the Human Placenta

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Sept. 12, 2018

The steroid hormones progestagens, estrogens, androgens and glucocorticoids as well their precursor cholesterol are required for successful establishment maintenance of pregnancy proper development the fetus. human placenta forms at interface maternal fetal circulation. It participates in biosynthesis metabolism steroids regulated exchange between compartment. This review outlines mechanisms placental handling compounds. Cholesterol is transported from mother to offspring involving lipoprotein receptors such low-density receptor (LDLR) scavenger class B type I (SRB1) ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporters, ABCA1 ABCG1. Additionally, also a progesterone estrogen synthesis. Hormone synthesis predominantly performed by members cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme family including CYP11A1 or CYP19A1 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) 3β-HSD 17β-HSD. Placental requires delivery sulfate-conjugated molecules serum. uptake these precursors mediated solute carrier (SLC) sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT), 4 (OAT4), transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1). Maternal-fetal glucocorticoid transport has be tightly order ensure healthy growth development. For that purpose, expresses enzymes 11β-HSD 1 2 ABCB1. article summarizes impact diverse compounds diseases on expression level activity involved transporters, receptors, metabolizing concludes regulatory changing physiological pathophysiological state barely explored. structure cellular composition barrier introduced. While production, syncytiotrophoblast have been explored decades, few information available role placental-fetal endothelial cells processes. With regard function, significant differences exist species. To further decipher physiologic pathways pathologic alterations handling, model systems mandatory.

Language: Английский

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Metabolic regulation of kisspeptin — the link between energy balance and reproduction

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 16(8), P. 407 - 420

Published: May 19, 2020

Language: Английский

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Nuclear hormone receptors control fundamental processes of human fetal neurodevelopment: Basis for endocrine disruption assessment

Environment International, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 198, P. 109400 - 109400

Published: March 21, 2025

Despite growing awareness of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), knowledge gaps remain regarding their effects on human brain development. EDC risk assessment focuses primarily EATS modalities (estrogens, androgens, thyroid hormones, and steroidogenesis), overlooking the broader range hormone receptors expressed in developing brain. This limits evaluation for potential to cause disruption-mediated developmental neurotoxicity (ED-DNT). The Neurosphere Assay, an vitro test method (DNT) evaluation, is integral component DNT testing battery, which has been used screen a broad domain environmental chemicals. Here, we define endocrine-related applicability Assay by assessing impact specificity 14 seven key neurodevelopmental processes (KNDPs), neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation, migration radial glia, neurons, oligodendrocytes, neurite outgrowth, differentiation neurons oligodendrocytes. Comparative analyses rat NPCs both sexes revealed species- sex-specific responses. Mechanistic insights were obtained through RNA sequencing agonist/antagonist co-exposures. Most receptor agonists modulated KNDPs at concentrations physiologically relevant concentrations. Phenotypic induced glucocorticoid (GR), liver X (LXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated beta/delta (PPARβδ), retinoic acid (RAR) retinoid (RXR) activation counteracted antagonists, confirming specificity. Transcriptomics highlighted crosstalk involvement conserved pathways (e.g. Notch Wnt). Species comparisons identified limited concordance receptor-regulated between NPCs. study presents novel findings cellular molecular actions fetal NPCs, highlights major species differences, illustrates Assay's relevance detecting MoAs, supporting its application human-based ED-DNT assessment.

Language: Английский

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Maternal hormonal milieu influence on fetal brain development

Brain and Behavior, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 8(2)

Published: Jan. 24, 2018

Abstract An adverse maternal hormonal environment during pregnancy can be associated with abnormal brain growth. Subtle changes in fetal development have been observed even for hormone levels within the currently accepted physiologic ranges. In this review, we provide an update of research data on impact neurodevelopment, giving particular emphasis to thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids. Thyroid are required normal development. Despite serum TSH appearing most accurate indicator function pregnancy, free T4 first trimester major determinant postnatal psychomotor Even a transient period hypothyroxinemia at beginning neurogenesis confer higher risk expressive language nonverbal cognitive delays offspring. Nevertheless, recent clinical guidelines advocate targeted high‐risk case finding despite universal screening. Corticosteroids suppressing cell proliferation stimulating terminal differentiation, fundamental switch maturation organs. Not surprisingly, intrauterine exposure stress or high glucocorticoids, endogenous synthetic, has molecular structural appears impair cognition increase anxiety reactivity stress. Limbic regions, such as hippocampus amygdala, particularly sensitive. Repeated doses prenatal corticosteroids seem short‐term benefits less respiratory distress fewer serious health problems neurodevelopmental growth later childhood adulthood needs further clarification. Future studies should address relevance monitoring level stratification impaired neurodevelopment.

Language: Английский

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Increasing Role of Maternal Immune Activation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Oct. 5, 2018

The earliest stages of development are critically sensitive to environmental insults. An unfortunately timed stress on the developing brain can have dramatic consequences for neurodevelopment and future mental health individual. In particular, infection mother during pregnancy has been correlated with increased risk psychiatric neurodevelopmental disorders. Evidence suggests that maternal immune activation, independently from itself, be responsible outcome in offspring. This recognition resulted expanding study designs epidemiologic correlations search a causal relationship between activation system cognitive However, this causality analysis remained limited humans until recent work longitudinally linked specific markers inflammation alterations newborn toddlers. focused narrative review compares discusses results these studies places them into broader landscape literature. New data point, association levels interleukin 6 (IL-6) modifications offspring's salience network subsequent impairments. article further emphasizes need carefully control potential confounders studying effects neonatal as well under-investigated intra-partum fever offspring neurodevelopment.

Language: Английский

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Influence of sleep on developing brain functions and structures in children and adolescents: A systematic review

Sleep Medicine Reviews, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 42, P. 184 - 201

Published: Aug. 14, 2018

Language: Английский

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How early media exposure may affect cognitive function: A review of results from observations in humans and experiments in mice

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 115(40), P. 9851 - 9858

Published: Oct. 1, 2018

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is now among the most commonly diagnosed chronic psychological dysfunctions of childhood. By varying estimates, it has increased by 30% in past 20 years. Environmental factors that might explain this increase have been explored. One such factor may be audiovisual media exposure during early Observational studies humans linked to fast-paced television first 3 years life with subsequent attentional deficits later Although longitudinal and well controlled, observational nature these precludes definitive conclusions regarding a causal relationship. As experimental are neither ethical nor practical, mouse models excessive sensory stimulation (ESS) childhood, akin enrichment previously shown benefits rodents, developed. Experimental using model corroborated ESS leads cognitive behavioral deficits, some which potentially detrimental. Given ubiquity findings humansand rodents perhaps important implications for public health.

Language: Английский

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Recent insights on indirect mechanisms in developmental toxicity of nanomaterials

Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: July 11, 2020

Abstract Background Epidemiological and animal studies provide compelling indications that environmental engineered nanomaterials (NMs) pose a risk for pregnancy, fetal development offspring health later in life. Understanding the origin mechanisms underlying NM-induced developmental toxicity will be cornerstone protection of sensitive populations design safe sustainable nanotechnology applications. Main body Direct originating from NMs crossing placental barrier is frequently assumed to key pathway toxicity. However, transfer particles often highly limited, evidence growing can also indirectly interfere with development. Here, we outline current knowledge on potential indirect NMs. Short conclusion Until now, research has mainly focused biodistribution translocation fetus delineate processes. Systematic addressing NM impact maternal tissues as contributors mechanistic pathways only slowly gathering momentum. So far, oxidative stress inflammation, activation toll-like receptors (TLRs), impairment growth secretion hormones, vascular factors have been suggested mediate Therefore, effects tissue function ought comprehensively evaluated addition future assessment exposure during pregnancy.

Language: Английский

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