Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world

Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 368(6494)

Published: May 28, 2020

Forest dynamics arise from the interplay of environmental drivers and disturbances with demographic processes recruitment, growth, mortality, subsequently driving biomass species composition. However, forest subsequent recovery are shifting global changes in climate land use, altering these dynamics. Changes drivers, disturbance regimes forcing forests toward younger, shorter stands. Rising carbon dioxide, acclimation, adaptation, migration can influence impacts. Recent developments Earth system models support increasingly realistic simulations vegetation In parallel, emerging remote sensing datasets promise qualitatively new more abundant data on underlying consequences for structure. When combined, advances hold improving scientific understanding demographics disturbances.

Language: Английский

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A theory of pulse dynamics and disturbance in ecology

Ecology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 100(7)

Published: April 24, 2019

We propose four postulates as the minimum set of logical propositions necessary for a theory pulse dynamics and disturbance in ecosystems: (1) resource characterizes magnitude, rate, duration change caused by events, including continuing changes resources that are result abiotic biotic processes; (2) energy flux flow controls variation rates assimilation across ecosystems; (3) patch distribution patches over space time, resulting patterns diversity, ecosystem structure, cross-scale feedbacks pulses (4) trait diversity evolutionary responses to and, turn, way affects during after events. apply an important class biomass-altering disturbances, derive seven generalizations predict trajectory, rate change, probability, diversification at scales, ecological functional resilience. Ultimately, must define variable combinations dynamic stability, comprising resistance, recovery, adaptation.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of forest resilience

Forest Ecology and Management, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 512, P. 120129 - 120129

Published: March 25, 2022

Language: Английский

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The Ecology of Disturbance Interactions

BioScience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 70(10), P. 854 - 870

Published: Aug. 20, 2020

Abstract Global change has been accompanied by recent increases in the frequency and intensity of various ecological disturbances (e.g., fires, floods, cyclones), both natural anthropogenic origin. Because these often interact, their cumulative synergistic effects can result unforeseen consequences, such as insect outbreaks, crop failure, progressive ecosystem degradation. We consider roles biological legacies, thresholds, lag responsible for distinctive impacts interacting disturbances. propose a hierarchical classification that distinguishes patterns implications associated with random co-occurrences, individual links, multiple links among cascade chains or networks. Disturbance-promoting interactions apparently prevail over disturbance-inhibiting ones. Complex exogenous disturbance cascades are less predictable than simple endogenous because dependency on adjacent synchronous events. These distinctions help define regional regimes have selection, risk assessment, options management intervention.

Language: Английский

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Towards a Comparative Framework of Demographic Resilience

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 35(9), P. 776 - 786

Published: May 7, 2020

The global biodiversity crisis demands a broad understanding of the ability species to respond external disturbances caused by change.A common framework quantify, compare, contrast, and predict resilience change is urgently needed.Resilience includes resistance populations after disturbance their recovery from it.Measurements short-term population growth following disturbances, any its longer-term consequences, allow quantification demographic resilience.Quantifying with semantic numeric definitions enables comparisons across species, enabling us responses disturbances. In current crisis, development tools define, essential for change. However, disparate interpretations have hampered currency quantify compare natural systems. Most frameworks focus on upper levels biological organization, especially ecosystems or communities, which complicates measurements using empirical data. Surprisingly, there no quantifiable definition at level. We introduce that draws existing concepts community ecology, as well an accompanying set metrics are comparable species. Contemporary increasingly eroding resources [1.Pecl G.T. et al.Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts human well-being.Science. 2017; 355eaai9214Crossref PubMed Scopus (999) Google Scholar, 2.Scheffers B.R. al.The footprint genes biomes people.Science. 2016; 354aaf7671Crossref (445) 3.Vitousek P.M. al.Human domination Earth's ecosystems.Science. 1997; 277: 494-499Crossref (6221) Scholar]. Thus, how ecological systems withstand environmental (see Glossary) major challenge [4.Hughes T.P. al.New paradigms supporting marine ecosystems.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005; 20: 380-386Abstract Full Text PDF (678) 5.Parmesan C. al.Overstretching attribution.Nat. Clim. Chang. 2011; 1: 2-4Crossref (105) 6.Parmesan Ecological evolutionary recent change.Annu. Rev. Syst. 2006; 37: 637-669Crossref (5337) 'Resilience' key concept describes handle [7.Holling C.S. Resilience stability systems.Annu. 1973; 4: 1-23Crossref Indeed, international policy objectives, including UN Sustainable Development Goals [8.United Nations Transforming Our World: 2030 Agenda (A/RES/70/1). UN, 2015Google Scholar] Aichi Targets [9.Convention Biological Diversity Decision X/2, Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011–2020 Targets, Secretariat Convention Diversity.2010Google Scholar], specifically include preserving objective. system resist recover [10.Hodgson D. al.What do you mean, 'resilient'?.Trends 2015; 30: 503-506Abstract (207) translating into challenging due complexities [11.Donohue I. al.On dimensionality stability.Ecol. Lett. 2013; 16: 421-429Crossref (189) has generated multiple debates over past decades regarding definition, meaning, application Scholar,12.Allen C.R. al.Resilience reconciled.Nat. Sustain. 2019; 2: 898-900Crossref (18) Scholar,13.Pimm S.L. al.Measuring understand it.Nat. 895-897Crossref (27) (Box 1). Discrepancies between approaches mean both theoretical works lack parity primary components studied, rendering if not impossible. These limitations ultimately prevent ecologists applying resilience-based solutions real-world problems (e.g., [14.Donohue al.Navigating complexity 19: 1172-1185Crossref (206) Scholar]). Developing unifying quantifications different therefore urgent task Scholar,15.Ingrisch J. Bahn M. Towards resilience.Trends 2018; 33: 251-259Abstract (122) Scholar,16.Pimm ecosystems.Nature. 1984; 307: 321Crossref (1595) Scholar].Box 1Defining ResilienceSince first appearance in literature late 1970s, study attracted significant attention (Figure I). rate research increased matches diversity resilience. term was introduced ecology Holling who defined it 'a measure persistence absorb still maintain same relationships state variables'. Holling's interpreted ways subdisciplines [60.Quinlan A.E. assessing resilience: broadening through disciplinary perspectives.J. Appl. 53: 677-687Crossref (202) For example, some considered be speed system, quantified time required return equilibrium [16.Pimm By others measured probability remain stable [61.Mumby P.J. al.Thresholds Caribbean coral reefs.Nature. 2007; 450: 98Crossref (573) Consequently, later [62.Holling Engineering versus resilience.Eng. Constraints. 1996; 31: 32Google distinguished two types engineering He 'resistance equilibrium' shock. described 'magnitude can absorbed before changes structure' Scholar,62.Holling Scholar].To frame resilience, we draw ideas terminology community/ecosystem Scholar,11.Donohue Scholar,22.Hillebrand H. al.Decomposing dimensions experiments.Ecol. 21: 21-30Crossref (76) define Hodgson al. 'the capacity persist functions face exogenous disturbance'. Similar literature, several authors consider function Scholar,63.Oliver T.H. ecosystem functions.Trends 673-684Abstract (508) 64.Darling E.S. Côté I.M. Seeking 359: 986-987Crossref (38) 65.Willis K.J. makes terrestrial resilient?.Science. 988-989Crossref (40) Such bivariate incorporate resistance, representing magnitude variable, recovery, component trajectory (recovery rate) ends. Populations structures 'states' displaced then disturbance. characteristics align general frameworks, perspective. Since To integrates Scholar,17.Scheffer al.Early-warning signals critical transitions.Nature. 2009; 461: 53-59Crossref (2181) Scholar,18.Dakos V. indicators: prospects early warnings regime shifts.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2014; 370: 20130263Crossref (215) theory [19.Caswell Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, Interpretation.2nd edn. Sinauer Associates, 2001Google Following conceptualizations 1) alterations structure, usually concomitant size. show transient dynamics, extensively [20.Neubert M.G. Caswell Alternatives measuring perturbations.Ecology. 78: 653-665Crossref (253) Scholar,21.Stott al.A studying dynamics projection matrix models.Ecol. 14: 959-970Crossref (80) used anticipate our marries disciplines elements analogous Established theories assume exist alternative states where forces influencing balance [6.Parmesan Scholar,20.Neubert 21.Stott 22.Hillebrand When displaces unstable state, these back 1A ). beyond domain attraction, tipping point, may transition [17.Scheffer This new characterized substantially maintained hysteresis processes feedbacks Scholar,23.Folke al.Regime shifts, management.Annu. 2004; 35: 557-581Crossref (2227) similar properties those classical views Similarly structured Like distinct contribute differently [24.Levin S.A. Paine R.T. Disturbance, patch formation, structure.Proc. Natl. Acad. 1974; 71: 2744-2747Crossref (544) individuals ages, sizes, developmental stages constant environment, will attain structure Therefore, views, growth. Disturbances size population, displacing fire affects younger rather than older tree [25.Enright N.J. al.Interval squeeze: altered regimes interact threaten woody changes.Front. Environ. 13: 265-272Crossref (208) akin composition biomass. result differ stability, leading either faster slower (amplification attenuation respectively [21.Stott depend relative over- under-representation high survival and/or reproduction. largest extents amplification represent bounds, classic As under-represented repopulated, drawn towards Transient thus ideal estimate intrinsic panel overcoming criticism many operationalization Scholar,14.Donohue Structured models facilitate explicit simulations impact life-cycle [26.Stearns S.C. Evolution Life Histories. Oxford University Press, 1992Google enable calculation consequent Bivariate Scholar,27.Nimmo D.G. al.Vive la résistance: reviving 21st century conservation.Trends 516-523Abstract (115) decompose components, 1 Box distinguish processes, compensation 2; details below). addition, provide distinction particular 2). Demographic incorporates amplifications 2 Figure 2), compensate post-disturbance reductions advocate use reactivity, maximal amplification, inertia various times disturbance, Reactivity quantifies immediate, response disturbance; highest density reach time-step, measures total displacement long-term, period. Reactivity, therefore, immediate whereas overall compensate, far away ends up 2).Box 2Transient CalculationsIn Table I present compendium equations aforementioned most structural demography – estimation done integral [66.Ellner S.P. Rees Integral complex demography.Am. Nat. 167: 410-428Crossref (359) Scholar]) other estimating absolute size, combine rat

Language: Английский

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Meta‐analysis on pulse disturbances reveals differences in functional and compositional recovery across ecosystems

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 575 - 585

Published: Jan. 14, 2020

Most ecosystems are affected by anthropogenic or natural pulse disturbances, which alter the community composition and functioning for a limited period of time. Whether how quickly communities recover from such pulses is central to our understanding biodiversity dynamics ecosystem organisation, but also nature conservation management. Here, we present meta-analysis 508 (semi-)natural field experiments globally distributed across marine, terrestrial freshwater ecosystems. We found recovery be significant yet incomplete. At end experiments, disturbed treatments resembled controls again when considering abundance (94%), biomass (82%), univariate diversity measures (88%). did not further depart control after pulse, indicating that few studies showed novel trajectories induced pulse. Only multivariate on average little recovery: species remained dissimilar throughout most experiments. Still, revealed higher compositional stability, they tended show functional stability. Recovery was more complete systems had high resistance, whereas resilience resistance were negatively correlated. The overall results highly consistent studies, differences between organism groups appeared. Future research disturbances should aim understand these differences, fill obvious gaps in empirical assessments regions (especially tropics), organisms. In summary, provide general evidence can aspects vulnerable long-lasting effects disturbance than emergent functions associated them.

Language: Английский

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Biodiversity loss underlies the dilution effect of biodiversity

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 23(11), P. 1611 - 1622

Published: Aug. 18, 2020

The dilution effect predicts increasing biodiversity to reduce the risk of infection, but generality this remains unresolved. Because loss generates predictable changes in host community competence, we hypothesised that might drive effect. We tested hypothesis by reanalysing four previously published meta-analyses came contradictory conclusions regarding In context loss, our analyses revealed a unifying pattern: effects were inconsistently observed for natural gradients, commonly gradients generated disturbances causing losses biodiversity. Incorporating into tests further indicated scale-dependency may strengthen only when are driven loss. Together, these results help resolve one most contentious issues disease ecology:

Language: Английский

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Comparative Plant Succession among Terrestrial Biomes of the World

Published: April 30, 2020

Despite a century of study by ecologists, recovery following disturbances (succession) is not fully understood. This book provides the first global synthesis that compares plant succession in all major terrestrial biomes and after disturbances. It asks critical questions such as: Does follow general patterns across disturbance types? Do factors control differ from biome to biome? If common drivers exist, what are they? Are they abiotic or biotic, both? The authors provide insights on broad, generalizable go beyond site-specific studies, present discussions as varying temporal dynamics, latitudinal differences, human-caused vs. natural disturbances, role invasive alien species. must-read for researchers students ecology, restoration ecology conservation biology. also valuable framework aid land managers attempting manipulate successional increasingly intense widespread human-made

Language: Английский

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Wildfire impacts on hydrologic ecosystem services in North American high-latitude forests: A scoping review

Journal of Hydrology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 581, P. 124360 - 124360

Published: Nov. 15, 2019

Language: Английский

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Animal migration to northern latitudes: environmental changes and increasing threats

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 37(1), P. 30 - 41

Published: Sept. 24, 2021

Language: Английский

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