Polyphenols, Alkaloids, and Terpenoids Against Neurodegeneration: Evaluating the Neuroprotective Effects of Phytocompounds Through a Comprehensive Review of the Current Evidence

Metabolites, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. 124 - 124

Published: Feb. 13, 2025

Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a group of chronic, usually age-related, disorders characterized by progressive neuronal loss, deformation structure, or loss function, leading to substantially reduced quality life. They remain significant focus scientific and clinical interest due their increasing medical social importance. Most neurodegenerative present intracellular protein aggregation extracellular deposition (plaques), such as α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease amyloid beta (Aβ)/tau aggregates Alzheimer's. Conventional treatments for conditions incur high costs are related the development several adverse effects. In addition, many patients irresponsive them. For these reasons, there is growing tendency find new therapeutic approaches help patients. This review intends investigate some phytocompounds' effects on diseases. These generally increased oxidative stress inflammation, so phytocompounds can prevent treat To achieve our aim provide critical assessment current literature about phytochemicals targeting neurodegeneration, we reviewed reputable databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, COCHRANE, seeking trials that utilized against conditions. A few investigated humans, after screening, 13 were ultimately included following PRISMA guidelines. compounds include polyphenols (flavonoids luteolin quercetin, phenolic acids rosmarinic acid, ferulic caffeic other like resveratrol), alkaloids (such berberine, huperzine A, caffeine), terpenoids ginkgolides limonene). The gathered evidence underscores caffeine, ginkgolides, primarily anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, counteracting neuroinflammation, oxidation, synaptic dysfunctions, which crucial aspects intervention various conditions, Alzheimer's dementias, depression, neuropsychiatric disorders. summary, they show use improvements cognition, memory, disinhibition, irritability/lability, aberrant behavior, hallucinations, mood

Language: Английский

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Cognitive enhancement: Effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine on latent memory and resting state functional connectivity in healthy adults

Human Brain Mapping, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 43(14), P. 4225 - 4238

Published: June 7, 2022

Abstract Stimulants like methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine have repeatedly shown to enhance cognitive processes such as attention memory. However, brain‐functional mechanisms underlying enhancing effects of stimulants are still poorly characterized. Here, we utilized behavioral resting‐state fMRI data from a double‐blind randomized placebocontrolled study in 48 healthy male adults. The results show that performance different memory tasks is enhanced, functional connectivity (FC) specifically between the frontoparietal network (FPN) default mode (DMN) modulated by comparison placebo. Decreased negative right prefrontal medial parietal but also temporal lobe visual brain regions predicted stimulant‐induced latent enhancement. We discuss dopamine's role well its ability modulate FC large‐scale neural networks (e.g., FPN DMN) potential enhancement mechanism.

Language: Английский

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Modafinil alters the functional connectivity of distinct thalamic nuclei with the neocortex

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 121242 - 121242

Published: April 1, 2025

Modafinil promotes wakefulness and enhances cognitive function through mechanisms neural effects that are still partially unknown. Several studies have shown the compound alters functional cortical architecture. In contrast, its influence on subcortical regions thalamocortical connections, which crucial for modulating neocortical connectivity, remains unexplored. The acute modulation of thalamo-cortical connectivity was assessed in two groups participants who received either a single 100 mg dose modafinil (N=25) or placebo (N=25). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) used to parcel thalamus into constituent nuclei, served as seeds voxel-wise resting state analyses. Additionally, maps nuclei-specific reorganization were compared those receptor/transporter expression assess their spatial overlaps. Modafinil, but not placebo, altered three thalamic nuclei. Specifically, medial pulvinar nuclei showed increased with Sensorimotor Salience/Ventral Attention (SVAN) Networks. These changes spatially overlapped distribution norepinephrine transporter (NET). anterior inferior complex exhibited enhanced insular supramarginal SVAN superior frontal area Default Mode Network (DMN). However, unlike pulvinar, these linked any specific receptor transporter. Finally, ventrolateral posterior region DMN FrontoParietal Network, along decreased premotor cortex. topography modifications mainly overlaps glutamatergic serotonergic receptors. summary, our findings highlight modafinil's circuits, emphasizing role higher-order complex.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of Post-Stroke Fatigue: A Follow-Up From the Third Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable

Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 38(1), P. 52 - 61

Published: Dec. 29, 2023

Background Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is a significant and highly prevalent symptom, whose mechanisms are poorly understood. The third Stroke Recovery Rehabilitation Roundtable paper on PSF focussed primarily defining measuring while were briefly discussed. This companion to the main aimed at elaborating possible of PSF. Methods reviews available evidence that potentially explains pathophysiology draws parallels from literature in other conditions. We start by proposing case for phenotyping based structural, functional, behavioral characteristics followed discussion role early inflammation development fatigue, specifically impact low-grade its long-term systemic effects resulting Of many neurotransmitter systems brain, dopaminergic have most PSF, along with sensorimotor processing. Sensorimotor neural network dynamics compromised as highlighted both neurostimulation neuromodulation studies. double-edged sword effect exercise provides further insight into how might emerge importance carefully titrating interventional paradigms. Conclusion concludes synthesizing presented unifying model which distinguishes between factors pre-dispose, precipitate, perpetuate framework will help guide new research biological necessary prerequisite developing treatments mitigate debilitating post-stroke fatigue.

Language: Английский

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Alterations of functional brain activity and connectivity in female nurses working on long‐term shift

Nursing Open, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 11(3)

Published: March 1, 2024

Abstract Aim To investigate the alterations of functional brain activity and connectivity in female nurses working on long‐term shifts explore their correlations with work‐related psychological traits. Design An exploratory cross‐sectional study. Methods Thirty‐five (shift nurses) 35 fixed days (fixed were enrolled. After assessing traits, including burnout, perceived stress, anxiety, depression nurses, fractional amplitude low‐frequency fluctuations (fALFF) region interest (ROI)‐based (FC) analyses performed to differences spontaneous between these two groups nurses. Thereafter, parameters (fALFF FC) clinical metrics investigated among shift Results Compared had higher stress scores, lower fALFF right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), left superior parietal lobule (SPL), bilateral anterior cingulate (ACC), superior/middle temporal gyrus, as well decreased FC dlPFC (the selected ROI) ACC, inferior frontal/orbitofrontal gyrus (IFG/IOFG), SPL, middle occipital (voxel‐level p < 0.001, cluster level 0.05, GRF correction). Correlation demonstrated that value was significantly correlated burnout anxiety dlPFC‐right SPL IFG/IOFG score ( 0.05). Conclusion Shift altered frontoparietal network, which provided objective visualised evidence clarify hazards work Patient or Public Contribution Seventy participated deeply subjects this These findings are expected draw managers' attention harmful influences

Language: Английский

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Graph analysis uncovers an opposing impact of methylphenidate on connectivity patterns within default mode network sub-divisions

Behavioral and Brain Functions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: June 20, 2024

Abstract Background The Default Mode Network (DMN) is a central neural network, with recent evidence indicating that it composed of functionally distinct sub-networks. Methylphenidate (MPH) administration has been shown before to modulate impulsive behavior, though not yet clear whether these effects relate MPH-induced changes in DMN connectivity. To address this gap, we assessed the impact MPH on functional connectivity patterns within and between sub-networks tested putative relations variability sub-scales impulsivity. Methods Fifty-five right-handed healthy adults underwent two resting-state MRI (rs-fMRI) scans, following acute either (20 mg) or placebo, via randomized double-blind placebo-controlled design. Graph modularity analysis was implemented fractionate into based (vs. placebo) other networks. Results led an overall decreased connectivity, particularly auditory, cinguloopercular, somatomotor networks, increased parietomedial network. revealed could be fractionated sub-networks, one exhibiting Decreased sub-network cinguloopercular network associated elevated impulsivity non-planning impulsiveness. Conclusion Current findings highlight intricate rs-fMRI uncovering its opposing sub-divisions. dynamics networks may account for some behavior.

Language: Английский

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The influence of insight on risky decision making and nucleus accumbens activation

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Oct. 11, 2023

Abstract During insightful problem solving, the solution appears unexpectedly and is accompanied by feeling of an AHA!. Research suggests that this affective component insight can have consequences beyond itself motivating future behavior, such as risky (high reward high uncertainty) decision making. Here, we investigate behavioral neural support for motivational role AHA in making involving monetary choices. The positive affect AHA! experience has been linked to internal reward. Reward turn dopaminergic signal transmission Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) Therefore, hypothesized activates reward-related brain areas, modulating We tested hypothesis two studies. First, a pre-registered online study (Study 1), demonstrated effect insight-related increase using visual Mooney identification paradigm. Participants were more likely choose riskier payout when they had previously solved image with compared low Second, fMRI 2), measured effects on NAcc activity similar paradigm one Study 1. Greater was found participants vs Taken together, our results link enhanced preference but uncertain rewards, suggesting enhances areas possibly via transmission, promoting

Language: Английский

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5-HT4 Receptor Agonist Effects on Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain: Implications for Procognitive Action

Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(11), P. 1124 - 1134

Published: April 23, 2023

Cognitive deficits are often comorbid with mood disorders and can cause significant functional impairment even after resolution of the primary symptoms. We do not currently have pharmacological treatments that adequately address these deficits. 5-HT4 receptor agonists show promise as potential procognitive agents in animal early human translational studies. Optimal cognitive performance humans is directly associated appropriate connectivity between specific resting-state neural networks. However, so far effect agonism on (rsFC) brain unknown. collected magnetic resonance imaging scans from 50 healthy volunteers, whom 25 received 6 days × 1 mg prucalopride (a highly selective agonist) placebo a randomized double-blind design. Network analyses identified participants group had enhanced rsFC central executive network posterior/anterior cingulate cortex. Seed also showed greater left right rostral anterior cortex lateral occipital cortex, reduced hippocampus other default mode regions. Similar to potentially medications, low-dose volunteers appeared enhance regions involved networks reduce within network. This suggests mechanism for behavioral enhancement previously seen supports be used clinical psychiatric populations.

Language: Английский

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Adapting Ourselves, Instead of the Environment: An Inquiry into Human Enhancement for Function and Beyond

Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 58(2), P. 589 - 637

Published: Aug. 19, 2023

Abstract Technology enables humans not only to adapt their environment needs but also modify themselves. Means of Human Enhancement — embodied technologies improve the human body’s capabilities or create a new one are designated means adapting ourselves instead environment. The debate about these is typically fought on ethical soil. However, alarmist, utopian, and science fiction scenarios distract from fact that historical pervasive phenomenon incorporated into many everyday practices. In vein disentangling conceptual difficulties, we claim either physiologically psychologically embodied, rendering merging with user most defining aspect. To fulfill its purpose, an enhancement must pass test-in-the-world, i.e., assisting effective engagement dynamic world. Even if failing in this regard: fundamental semi-targeted process changing users relationship world through physical psychological embodiment hitherto external object and/or change one’s body. This can potentially notion being human. Drawing rich body theoretical empirical literature, aim provide nuanced analysis transformative nature close proximity practice. Stakeholders invited apply theory presented here interrogate perspective technology general particular.

Language: Английский

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Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement Among International Medical Students: Assessing Study Habits as a Novel Factor

Medical Science Educator, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(6), P. 1353 - 1360

Published: July 11, 2024

Language: Английский

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