Oncology Letters,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
26(1)
Published: May 16, 2023
Chimeric
antigen
receptor
(CAR)
T
cell
therapy
has
emerged
as
a
new
and
breakthrough
cancer
immunotherapy.
Although
CAR‑T
made
significant
progress
clinically
in
patients
with
refractory
or
drug‑resistant
hematological
malignancies,
there
are
numerous
challenges
its
application
to
solid
tumor
therapy,
including
escape,
severe
toxic
reactions,
abnormal
vascularization,
hypoxia,
insufficient
infiltration
of
cells
immunosuppression.
As
conventional
mode
anti‑tumor
radiotherapy
shown
promising
effects
combination
by
enhancing
the
specific
immunity
endogenous
target
antigens,
which
promoted
expansion
improved
hypoxic
microenvironment.
This
review
focuses
on
obstacles
technology
potential
opportunities
combined
recent
literature
evaluate
best
for
treatment
tumors.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
164, P. 114954 - 114954
Published: May 29, 2023
Traditionally,
vaccines
have
helped
eradication
of
several
infectious
diseases
and
also
saved
millions
lives
in
the
human
history.
Those
prophylactic
acted
through
inducing
immune
responses
against
a
live
attenuated,
killed
organism
or
antigenic
subunits
to
protect
recipient
real
infection
caused
by
pathogenic
microorganism.
Nevertheless,
development
anticancer
as
valuable
targets
health
has
faced
challenges
requires
further
optimizations.
Dendritic
cells
(DCs)
are
most
potent
antigen
presenting
(APCs)
that
play
essential
roles
tumor
immunotherapies
induction
CD8+
T
cell
immunity.
Accordingly,
various
strategies
been
tested
employ
DCs
therapeutic
for
exploiting
their
activity
cells.
Application
whole
purified/recombinant
peptides
common
approaches
pulsing
DCs,
which
then
injected
back
into
patients.
Although
some
hopeful
results
reported
number
DC
animal
clinical
trials
cancer
patients,
such
still
inefficient
require
optimization.
Failure
vaccination
is
postulated
due
immunosuppressive
microenvironment
(TME),
overexpression
checkpoint
proteins,
suboptimal
avidity
tumor-associated
(TAA)-specific
lymphocytes,
lack
appropriate
adjuvants.
In
this
review,
we
an
overview
current
experiments
evaluated
efficacy
well
focusing
on
improve
potential
including
combination
therapy
with
inhibitors
(ICIs).
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
35(11)
Published: Aug. 31, 2021
Abstract
Solid
cancers
comprise
a
large
number
of
new
cases
and
deaths
from
cancer
each
year
globally.
There
are
strategies
for
addressing
tumors
raised
solid
organs
including
surgery,
chemotherapy,
radiotherapy,
targeted
therapy,
immunotherapy,
combinational
stem
cell
extracellular
vesicle
(EV)
therapy.
Surgery,
chemotherapy
the
dominant
cures,
but
not
always
effective,
in
which
even
localized
tumor
there
is
possibility
relapse
after
surgical
resection.
Over
half
patients
will
receive
radiotherapy
as
part
their
therapeutic
schedule.
Radiotherapy
can
cause
an
abscopal
response
boosting
activity
immune
system
outside
local
field
radiation,
it
may
also
unwanted
bystander
effect,
predisposing
nonradiated
cells
into
carcinogenesis.
In
context
checkpoint
inhibition
known
standard‐of‐care,
major
concern
regard
with
cold
that
show
low
responses
to
such
Stem‐cell
therapy
be
used
send
prodrugs
toward
area;
this
strategy,
however,
has
its
own
predicaments,
attraction
other
sites
healthy
tissues
instability.
A
substitute
quite
novel
strategy
use
EVs,
by
virtue
stability
potential
cross
biological
barriers
long‐term
storage
contents.
Combination
current
focus.
Despite
advances
field,
still
unmet
concerns
area
effective
raising
challenges
opportunities
future
investigations.
Cancers,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
14(10), P. 2486 - 2486
Published: May 18, 2022
Pancreatic
ductal
adenocarcinoma
(PDAC)
is
a
very
aggressive
tumor
with
poor
prognosis
and
inadequate
response
to
treatment.
Many
factors
contribute
this
therapeutic
failure:
lack
of
symptoms
until
the
reaches
an
advanced
stage,
leading
late
diagnosis;
early
lymphatic
hematic
spread;
age
patients;
important
development
pro-tumoral
hyperfibrotic
stroma;
high
genetic
metabolic
heterogeneity;
vascular
supply;
highly
acidic
matrix;
extreme
hypoxia;
resistance
available
options.
In
most
cases,
disease
silent
for
long
time,
andwhen
it
does
become
symptomatic,
too
ablative
surgery;
one
major
reasons
explaining
short
survival
associated
disease.
Even
when
surgery
possible,
relapsesare
frequent,
andthe
causes
devastating
picture
are
low
efficacy
ofand
all
known
chemotherapeutic
treatments.
Thus,
imperative
analyze
roots
in
order
improve
benefits
therapy.
PDAC
chemoresistance
final
product
different,
but
some
extent,
interconnected
factors.
Surgery,
being
adequate
treatment
pancreatic
cancer
only
that
few
selected
cases
can
achieve
longer
survival,
possible
less
than
20%
patients.
burden
relies
on
chemotherapy
mostcases.
While
FOLFIRINOX
scheme
has
slightly
overall
also
produces
many
more
adverse
eventsso
gemcitabine
still
considered
first
choice
treatment,
especially
combination
other
compounds/agents.
This
review
discusses
multiple
PDAC.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
156, P. 113906 - 113906
Published: Oct. 25, 2022
Tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
takes
critical
roles
in
tumor
resistance
to
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors
(ICIs)
including
anti-programmed
death-1
(PD-1)
or
death-ligand
1
(PD-L1).
Cancer
stem
cells
(CSCs)
are
one
of
the
key
components
TME
that
play
important
immunoregulation
and
therapy
resistance.
CSCs
suppress
CD8+
T
cell
infiltration,
promote
recruitment
type
2
macrophages
(M2)
activity
neutrophils
(N2).
There
is
a
positive
association
between
CSC
expansion
with
high
PD-L1
expression
TME,
higher
than
cancer
cells.
metastatic
induces
dedifferentiation
program
through
stimulating
an
epithelial-mesenchymal
transition
(EMT)
profile,
thereby
replenishing
proportion
inside
tumor.
Conversion
from
EMT
mesenchymal-epithelial
(MET)
downregulates
on
non-CSCs
increases
ICI
efficacy.
evidence
replenishment
secondary
anti-PD-1
therapy.
Targeting
is,
fact,
step
effective
breakdown
reducing
recurrence
after
immunotherapy.
A
number
signaling
involved
enrichment
within
area,
among
them
focus
over
transforming
growth
factor-β
(TGF-β).
TGF-β
program,
its
as
bridge
increased
level
rationalizes
application
dual
TGF-β/anti-PD-L1
strategy
for
reinvigorating
immunoactivities
patients
under
In
this
review,
we
aimed
discuss
about
connections
ecosystem
impact
such
interactions
responses
