Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(5), P. 2639 - 2639

Published: March 5, 2021

Adipose, skeletal, and hepatic muscle tissues are the main endocrine organs that produce adipokines, myokines, hepatokines. These biomarkers can be harmful or beneficial to an organism still perform crosstalk, acting through endocrine, paracrine, autocrine pathways. This study aims review crosstalk between Far beyond understanding actions of each biomarker alone, it is important underline these cytokines act together in body, resulting a complex network different tissues, which may have non-beneficial effects on genesis various physiological disorders their respective outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Overweight individuals secrete more pro-inflammatory adipokines than those healthy weight, leading impaired immune response greater susceptibility inflammatory infectious diseases. Myostatin elevated environments, sharing space with organokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), resistin, chemerin. Fibroblast growth factor FGF21 acts beta-oxidation regulator decreases lipogenesis liver. The mentioned above interfere homeostatic play role potential therapeutic target assist methods diagnosing syndrome CVD.

Language: Английский

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Sarcopenia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Targeting the Muscle–Brain Axis

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(8), P. 1853 - 1853

Published: April 12, 2023

Declines in physical performance and cognition are commonly observed older adults. The geroscience paradigm posits that a set of processes pathways shared among age-associated conditions may also serve as molecular explanation for the complex pathophysiology frailty, sarcopenia, cognitive decline. Mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, metabolic alterations, declines cellular stemness, altered intracellular signaling have been muscle aging. Neurological factors included determinants sarcopenia. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) synapses bridging nervous skeletal systems with relevant role age-related musculoskeletal derangement. Patterns circulating neurotrophic associated frailty These mostly related to disarrangements protein-to-energy conversion well reduced calorie protein intake sustain mass. A link between sarcopenia decline adults has described possible muscle-derived mediators (i.e., myokines) mediating muscle–brain crosstalk. Herein, we discuss main mechanisms involved axis their implication An overview current behavioral strategies allegedly act on is provided.

Language: Английский

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Fat infiltration in skeletal muscle: Influential triggers and regulatory mechanism

iScience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 27(3), P. 109221 - 109221

Published: Feb. 15, 2024

Fat infiltration in skeletal muscle (also known as myosteatosis) is now recognized a distinct disease from sarcopenia and directly related to declining capacity. Hence, understanding the origins regulatory mechanisms of fat vital for maintaining development improving human health. In this article, we summarized triggering factors such aging, metabolic diseases syndromes, nonmetabolic diseases, injury that all induce muscle. We discussed recent advances on cellular found several cell types including myogenic cells non-myogenic contribute myosteatosis. Furthermore, reviewed molecular mechanism, detection methods, intervention strategies Based current findings, our review will provide new insight into regulating function lipid metabolism treating muscle-related diseases.

Language: Английский

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Sarcopenia and Cognitive Function: Role of Myokines in Muscle Brain Cross-Talk

Life, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 173 - 173

Published: Feb. 23, 2021

Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by the progressive degeneration of muscle mass and function, it associated with severe complications, which are falls, functional decline, frailty, mortality. cognitive impairment, defined as decline in one or more domains language, memory, reasoning, social cognition, planning, making decisions, solving problems. Although exact mechanism relating to sarcopenia function has not yet been defined, several studies have shown that skeletal produces secrete molecules, called myokines, regulate brain functions, including mood, learning, locomotor activity, neuronal injury protection, showing existence muscle-brain cross-talk. Moreover, conducted on physical exercise supported cross-talk, how changing myokines' circulating levels, exerts beneficial effects brain. The review mainly focuses describing role myokines their involvement impairment sarcopenia.

Language: Английский

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Integration of feeding behavior by the liver circadian clock reveals network dependency of metabolic rhythms

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(39)

Published: Sept. 22, 2021

The mammalian circadian clock, expressed throughout the brain and body, controls daily metabolic homeostasis. Clock function in peripheral tissues is required, but not sufficient, for this task. Because of lack specialized animal models, it unclear how tissue clocks interact with extrinsic signals to drive molecular oscillations. Here, we isolated interaction between feeding liver clock by reconstituting Bmal1 exclusively hepatocytes (Liver-RE), otherwise clock-less mice, controlling timing food intake. We found that cooperative action BMAL1 transcription factor CEBPB regulates transcriptional programs. Functionally, rhythm are sufficient temporal carbohydrate By contrast, rhythms tied redox lipid metabolism required communication skeletal muscle demonstrating cross-talk. Our results highlight inner workings system rely on communicating maintain metabolism.

Language: Английский

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Effect of Various Exercise Regimens on Selected Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Healthy People

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 18(3), P. 1261 - 1261

Published: Jan. 31, 2021

Different forms of physical activity—endurance, resistance or dynamic power—stimulate cytokine release from various tissues to the bloodstream. Receptors for exercise-induced cytokines are present in muscle tissue, adipose liver, brain, bones, cardiovascular system, immune pancreas, and skin. They have autocrine, paracrine endocrine activities. Many them regulate myocyte growth differentiation necessary hypertrophy myogenesis. also modify energy homeostasis, lipid, carbohydrate, protein metabolism, inflammation exchange information (crosstalk) between remote organs. So far, interleukin 6 irisin been best studied cytokines. However, many more can be grouped into myokines, hepatokines adipomyokines. This review focuses on less known such as myostatin, follistatin, decorin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast factor 21 15, their relation exercise, i.e., acute vs. chronic, regular training healthy people.

Language: Английский

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Pathophysiological Mechanisms Explaining the Association Between Low Skeletal Muscle Mass and Cognitive Function

The Journals of Gerontology Series A, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 77(10), P. 1959 - 1968

Published: June 6, 2022

Abstract Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. This review describes the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms: systemic inflammation, insulin metabolism, protein mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that central tenet this pathophysiology dysfunctional myokine secretion consequent to minimal physical activity. Myokines, such as fibronectin type III domain containing 5/irisin cathepsin B, are released by physically active cross blood–brain barrier. These myokines upregulate local neurotrophin expression brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) brain microenvironment. BDNF exerts anti-inflammatory effects may be responsible for neuroprotection. Altered due inactivity exacerbates inflammation impairs glucose potentially affecting transport of across Our working model also suggests other mechanisms. A negative balance, commonly observed adults, contributes low reflect deficient metabolism tissues. As a result age-related loss mass, decrease abundance mitochondria detriments their function lead tissue oxidative capacity. Dysfunctional excessive production reactive oxygen species, which drives stress further perpetuates dysfunction mitochondria. Both accumulation DNA mutations aging drive cellular senescence. targeted approach cognition could restore balance

Language: Английский

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The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Aug. 12, 2021

Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only skeletal muscles, but also many other organs such as brain, liver, fat bone. In addition direct effects exercise on these organs, production release a plethora different signaling molecules from muscle are centerpiece systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused regulation function myokines acute bouts. contrast, secretome long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, contribution non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs mitochondrial DNA transported extracellular vesicles by means, is underappreciated. this review, we therefore provide an overview current knowledge exercise-induced factors that mediate muscular adaptations training. Targeting leveraging their functions could broad implications for athletic performance, prevention therapy diseased elderly populations.

Language: Английский

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Bidirectional roles of skeletal muscle fibro-adipogenic progenitors in homeostasis and disease

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 80, P. 101682 - 101682

Published: July 7, 2022

Sarcopenia and myopathies cause progressive muscle weakness degeneration, which are closely associated with fat infiltration fibrosis in muscle. Recently, experimental research has shed light on fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), also known as muscle-resident mesenchymal multiple differentiation potential for adipogenesis, fibrosis, osteogenesis chondrogenesis. They considered key regulators of homeostasis integrity. play supportive roles development repair by orchestrating the regulatory interplay between stem cells (MuSCs) immune cells. Interestingly, FAPs contribute to intramuscular infiltration, other pathologies when functional integrity network is compromised. In this review, we summarize recent insights into maintenance skeletal homeostasis, discuss underlying mechanisms regulating behavior fate, highlighting their participating efficient infiltrated degeneration well during atrophy. We suggest that controlling predicting may become a promising strategy improve function prevent irreparable damage.

Language: Английский

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A new paradigm in sarcopenia: Cognitive impairment caused by imbalanced myokine secretion and vascular dysfunction

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 147, P. 112636 - 112636

Published: Jan. 17, 2022

Sarcopenia characterized by reduced skeletal muscle mass and decreased strength is increasing in prevalence globally. The pathophysiology of sarcopenia related to various factors including hormonal imbalance, increased intracellular oxidative stress, reduction food intake, advanced age, low body index, physical activity. Recently, has been reported be associated with cognitive decline, the common risk between memory loss were observed cohort studies. Many researchers suggested that vascular disorder, such as atherosclerosis alteration mechanisms caused changes myokine secretion. We herein review emerging evidence on strong link impairment sarcopenia, focusing secretion dysfunction, provide an understanding relevant crucial determinants decline sarcopenia.

Language: Английский

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