Immunogenicity of Extracellular Vesicles

Advanced Materials, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(33)

Published: June 27, 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising next-generation therapeutics and drug delivery systems due to demonstrated safety efficacy in preclinical models early-stage clinical trials. There is an urgent need address the immunogenicity of EVs (beyond apparent lack immunotoxicity) advance development. To date, few studies have assessed unintended immunological recognition EVs. An in-depth understanding EV-induced clearance necessary develop effective therapeutic strategies, including approaches mitigate when undesired. This article summarizes various factors involved potential strategies reduce for improved benefit.

Language: Английский

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Advances in the study of plant-derived extracellular vesicles in the skeletal muscle system

Pharmacological Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 204, P. 107202 - 107202

Published: May 3, 2024

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEV) constitute nanoscale entities comprising lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and various components enveloped by the lipid bilayers of plant cells. These play a crucial role in facilitating substance information transfer not only between cells but also across different species. Owing to its safety, stability, abundance raw materials, this has found extensive utilization recent years within research endeavors aimed at treating diseases. This article provides an overview pathways biological characteristics PDEV, along with prevalent methods employed for isolation, purification, storage. Furthermore, we comprehensively outline therapeutic implications diverse sources PDEV musculoskeletal system disorders. Additionally, explore as platforms engineering drug carriers, aiming delve deeper into significance potential contributions realm system.

Language: Английский

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Extracellular Vesicle and Lipoprotein Interactions

Nano Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(1), P. 1 - 8

Published: Dec. 20, 2023

Extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins are lipid-based biological nanoparticles that play important roles in (patho)physiology. Recent evidence suggests extracellular can interact to form functional complexes. Such complexes have been observed biofluids from healthy human donors various vitro disease models such as breast cancer hepatitis C infection. Lipoprotein components also part of the biomolecular corona surrounds contributes identity. Potential mechanisms relevance vesicle–lipoprotein remain poorly understood. This Review addresses current knowledge interface while drawing on pre-existing liposome interactions with nanoparticles. There is an urgent need for further research lipoprotein–extracellular vesicle interface, which could return mechanistic, therapeutic, diagnostic findings.

Language: Английский

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Hyaluronic acid: An overlooked extracellular vesicle contaminant

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

The variable presence of contaminants in extracellular vesicle (EV) samples is one the major contributors to a lack inter-study reproducibility field. Well-known include protein aggregates, RNA-protein complexes and lipoproteins, which resemble EVs shape, size and/or density. On contrary, polysaccharides, such as hyaluronic acid (HA), have been overlooked EV contaminants. Here, it shown that low medium molecular weight HA polymers are unexpectedly retained some extent fractions using two common isolation methods known for high purity: size-exclusion chromatography tangential flow filtration. Although these techniques capable efficient removal non-EV-associated proteins, this not case polymers, partially weight-dependent manner, especially with chromatography. supramolecular structure hydrodynamic likely contribute filtration-based approaches. Conversely, were ultracentrifugation polymer-based precipitation methods, co-isolating other types has broad range immunomodulatory effects, similar those ascribed various sources EVs. Therefore, should be considered future studies avoid potential inaccurate attributions functional effects

Language: Английский

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Increasing the biomolecular relevance of cell culture practice

Journal of Biomedical Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 32(1)

Published: Jan. 3, 2025

Abstract The biomolecular relevance of medium supplements is a key challenge affecting cell culture practice. composition commonly used differs from that physiological environment, the validity conclusions drawn in vitro studies. This article discusses advantages and disadvantages common supplements, including context-dependent considerations for supplement selection to improve relevance, especially nanomedicine extracellular vesicle research.

Language: Английский

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Toward Clarity in Single Extracellular Vesicle Research: Defining the Field and Correcting Missteps

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 24, 2025

Single extracellular vesicle (EV) research holds the potential to revolutionize our understanding of cellular communication and enable breakthroughs in diagnostics therapeutics. However, lack a clear, consensus-driven definition single EV has led methodological inconsistencies, overgeneralized interpretations, and, some cases, misleading claims. In this perspective, we propose framework for defining research, critique current challenges misconceptions field, discuss its implications biomedical applications. We argue that precise experimental design, rigorous validation, interdisciplinary collaboration approaches are needed establish as cornerstone precision medicine.

Language: Английский

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Impacts of Hyaluronan on Extracellular Vesicle Production and Signaling

Cells, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 139 - 139

Published: Jan. 18, 2025

Hyaluronan (HA) is a critical component of cell and tissue matrices an important signaling molecule. The enzymes that synthesize process HA, as well the HA receptors through which properties are transmitted, have been identified in extracellular vesicles implicated context-specific processes associated with health disease. goal this review to present comprehensive summary research on its related vesicle biogenesis cellular responses bearing these matrix modulators. When vesicles, assumed be outside sometimes found CD44 or HAS enzyme itself. Hyaluronidases may inside surface via transmembrane domain GPI linkage. implication presenting signals there greater range systemic distribution more complex delivery media than previously thought for secreted hyaluronidase alone. Understanding context offers new diagnostic therapeutic insight.

Language: Английский

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ECM-binding properties of extracellular vesicles: advanced delivery strategies for therapeutic applications in bone and joint diseases

Cell Communication and Signaling, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: April 2, 2025

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential in maintaining bone joint health by facilitating intercellular communication, regulating tissue processes providing structural support. EVs with a large surface area carry diverse biomolecules to steer function of cells their surroundings. To understand how localize specific sites, we here review available knowledge on EV interactions ECM components that crucial for remodeling, cartilage maintenance, immune responses, playing roles both homeostasis pathological conditions, such as arthritis osteoporosis. More importantly, using analyses animal experimental data, illustrate effect ECM-based biomaterials (e.g. hydrogels, decellularized matrices, ECM-mimetic scaffolds) carriers toward effective delivery regenerative immunomodulatory therapies tissue. These enable sustained release targeted EVs, promoting regeneration. The insights this can be utilized advance development cutting-edge skeletal regeneration disease management.

Language: Английский

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Basic Guide for Approaching Drug Delivery with Extracellular Vesicles

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(19), P. 10401 - 10401

Published: Sept. 27, 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers of biomolecules that play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and tissue homeostasis under normal pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases cancer. Since the discovery pro-regenerative immune-modulating properties EVs, EV-based therapeutics have entered clinical trials for conditions such as myocardial infarction autoimmune diseases, among others. Due to their unique advantages—such superior bioavailability, substantial packaging capacity, ability traverse biological barriers—EVs regarded promising platform targeted drug delivery. However, achieving sufficient accumulation therapeutic agents at target site necessitates larger quantity EVs per dose compared using standalone drugs. This challenge can be addressed by administering doses increasing dosage administration, or enhancing selective cells. In this review, we will discuss methods improve isolation purification approaches enhance cargo packaging—including proteins, RNAs, small-molecule drugs—and technologies displaying targeting ligands on surface facilitate improved targeting. Ultimately, guide applied development novel classes overcoming existing technological challenges.

Language: Английский

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Chemically‐Induced Lipoprotein Breakdown for Improved Extracellular Vesicle Purification

Small, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(18)

Published: Dec. 15, 2023

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized biomolecular packages involved in intercellular communication. EVs released by all cells, making them broadly applicable as therapeutic, diagnostic, and mechanistic components (patho)physiology. Sample purity is critical for correctly attributing observed effects to maximizing therapeutic diagnostic performance. Lipoprotein contaminants represent a major challenge sample purity. Lipoproteins approximately six orders of magnitude more abundant the blood circulation overlap size, shape, density with EVs. This study represents first example an EV purification method based on chemically‐induced breakdown lipoproteins. Specifically, styrene‐maleic acid (SMA) copolymer used selectively lipoproteins, enabling subsequent size‐based separation products from plasma The use polymer followed tangential flow filtration or size‐exclusion chromatography results improved yield, preservation morphology, increased markers, reduced contaminant markers. SMA‐based enables fluorescent labeling, reduces interactions macrophages, enhances accuracy, sensitivity, specificity detect biomarkers, indicating benefits various downstream applications. In conclusion, SMA simple effective improve yield plasma‐derived EVs, which favorably impacts

Language: Английский

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